Ecosphere

1
Solar Radiation (Teff 6000K mainly UV, optical
and IR)
Earths Radiation(Teff 300K mainly IR)
Material Flows in the Economy
Needs Wants
high-entropy Energy
Low-entropy Energy
Services
Sink for Wastes Emissions
Products
Materials
Production
Anthroposphere
Ecosphere

• All materials that enter the economic system
  will eventually leave it
• Large amounts of low-entropy energy are needed
  to drive the economic system
• All economic activity is essentially dissipative
  of both energy and materials

2
Solar Radiation (Teff 6000K mainly UV, optical
and IR)
Earths Radiation(Teff 300K mainly IR)
Towards Industrial Ecosystems
Needs Wants
high-entropy Energy
Low-entropy Energy
Services
Sink for Wastes Emissions
Products
Materials
Production
Anthroposphere
Ecosphere

• Closing material loops
• Dematerialization
• Avoiding hazardous and toxic substances
• Thermodynamically efficient use of energy

3
Case study Iron and Steel in the UK

• Scope and system boundaries
• Document and analyze the iron steel flows of
  the UK from 1970-2000
• Calculate the current recycling rate
• Boundaries of the material stocks are the
  geographical borders of the UK
• Account for trade

• Process groups
• Production (integrated steelworks, EAF mills,
  foundries)
• Fabrication and manufacturing (component and
  product manufacturing)
• Use

• Material categories
• Iron ore
• Iron and steel scrap - Home scrap (generated
  at iron and steel foundries and mills) -
  Prompt or new scrap (generated during fabrication
  and manufacturing) - End-of-life or old scrap
  (generated when iron and steel containing goods
  leave the use phase)
• Iron and steel industry products (e.g. castings,
  ingots, billets, rods, bars, sections,
  plates, strip, sheet, etc.)
• Iron and steel contained in new final goods (
  of iron and steel in goods)

4
Case study Recycling Rate of Iron and Steel in
the UK
Material and process flow model of the UK iron
and steel cycle
Trade
Trade
Trade
Iron steel products
Iron steel in new goods
Iron ore
Production
Use
Fabrication manufacturing
C
Iron steel scrap
TSG
Loss
Ex
Im
UK border
Trade
5
Case study Recycling Rate of Iron and Steel in
the UK
Ex
Im
C
TSG
6
Case study Recycling Rate of Iron and Steel in
the UK
7
Case study Recycling Rate of Iron and Steel in
the UK
8
Case study Recycling Rate of Iron and Steel in
the UK
I S in new final goods entering use in the UK
9
Case study Recycling Rate of Iron and Steel in
the UK
10
Case study Recycling Rate of Iron and Steel in
the UK
Total scrap generation versus actual scrap
consumption
11
Case study Recycling Rate of Iron and Steel in
the UK
Results and sensitivity analysis
12
Industrial ecosystem Biogeochemical analogy R
U Ayres
extraction
Natural Environment
Raw Materials
extraction waste
production waste
material consumption
production waste recycling
product waste
product waste recycling
Final Products
Productive Capital
product remanufacturing
product manufacturing
13
Industrial ecosystem Biogeochemical analogy R
U Ayres
mobilization
Inorganic sedimentary rock sulfate phosphate carbo
nate
Nutrients carbon nitrogen phosphorus sulfur
sequestration
assimilation (photosynthesis)
sequestration
mobilization
regeneration
regeneration
Bio-products (non-living) humus detritus
Biomass (living)
death excretion
14
Industrial Ecosystems Waste as Resource in the
Wrong Place
Recycling
Reuse
Collection
Commoditysupply
Production andmanufacturing
Use
Manufacturing waste
Production waste
Post-consumer waste
Environment
Landfill and other disposal
Renewable and nonrenewable material resources
Releases to air, land, water
15
Industrial ecosystem Food chain analogy T E
Graedel
Solar energy
Primary Producer Smelter
Primary Consumer Wire producer
Secondary Consumer Cable producer
Tertiary Consumer Computer manufacturer
Copper ingots
Data cable
Copper wire
Copper ingots
Production waste
Concentrated copper ore
Reusables
PC
Extractor Miner
Secondary producer Recycler
Collector
Top Consumer Customer
Eol PC
Recyclables
Copper ore
Lost material
16
Industrial ecosystem Food chain analogy T E
Graedel
Solar energy
Primary Producer Plankton
Primary Consumer Invertebrate
Secondary Consumer Small fish
Tertiary Consumer Large fish
Excretions, carcasses
Inorganic materials
Mineral salts
Extractor Bacteria
Decomposer Bacteria
Top Consumer Shark
Carcasses
Minerals, other resources
Lost material
17
Industrial Ecosystems Waste-into-Resource
Linkages between Firms
Firm 3
Material flows
Firm 1
Firm 4
Firm 6
Energy flows
Firm 2
Firm 5
Firm 7
18
Industrial Symbiosis The Example of Kalundborg
Gyproc A/Splasterboardplant
Liquid fertilizerproduction
Statoilrefinery
Sulfur
Gas (back-up)
Gypsum
District heatingfor Kalundborg
Steam
Lake Tissø
Steam
Energy E2Asnæspower station
Ni and Vrecovery
Cementor roads
Heat
Fish farming
Fly ash
Steam
Sludge
Novo Nordisk Novozymes A/SPharmaceuticals
Wastewatertreatmentplant
SoilremA/S
Sludge
Farming
Yeast
Sludge
19
Flue Gas Desulphurization CaCO3 SO2 ½O2
2H2O ? CaSO4.2H2O CO2
Calcium Carbonate
Gypsum
Firm 1
Waste Management
Waste Processing
Firm 2
Original (Virgin) Input
Exchange is mutually beneficial if waste
management cost savings are larger than the cost
difference between using original and alternative
production input
20
Reading for Thursday, 20 NovemberWEEE
Directive (2002) Directive 2002/96/EC on waste
electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) ROHS
Directive (2002) Directive 2002/95/EC on the
restriction of the use of certain hazardous
substances in electrical and electronic
equipment(are posted on course website)