Occurrence and Status of a New Russian Wheat Aphid Biotype in Colorado

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• Occurrence and Status of a New Russian Wheat
  Aphid Biotype in Colorado
• Frank Peairs
• Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management
  Department
• Colorado State University
• Scott Haley
• Soil and Crop Sciences Department
• Colorado State University

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Acknowledgements Entomology Breeding Jeff
Rudolph Sally Clayshulte Terri Randolph Meghan
Collins Laurie Kerzicnik Josh Butler Hayley
Miller John Stromberger Thia Walker Federico
Pardina Jerry Johnson Markers/Genomics Muhamm
ad Tahir Junhua Peng Nora Lapitan Crops Testing
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Russian Wheat Aphid Yield Losses

• Variable
• In wheat, roughly 0.5 loss per 1 infested
  tillers
• In barley, ca. 0.8
• Quality losses as well

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Economic Impact in Colorado 1986 - 2002

• 4.7 million acres treated
• 30 of US total
• 132 million economic loss (without multipliers)

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Russian Wheat Aphid

• Native to trans Caucasus region
• Russia early 1900s
• South Africa 1970s
• Mexico 1978
• US in 1986
• Argentina, Chile early 1990s
• Expansion in Europe, Africa

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Russian Wheat Aphid Management Needs

• Field biology
• Cultural control
• Biological control
• Plant resistance
• Chemical control
• Decision support

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• Factors Favoring RWA Increase
• Cool, wet summer
• Open fall
• Mild winter
• Dry spring

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• RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID MANAGEMENT
• CULTURAL CONTROLS
• DIVERSIFY CROPPING
• DELAY PLANTING
• CLEAN, HEALTHY SEED
• PROMOTE CROP HEALTH AND VIGOR

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• RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID MANAGEMENT
• BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
• LITTLE EVIDENCE FOR EFFECTIVE NATURALLY
  OCCURRING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN EASTERN COLORADO
• SOME ORGANISMS AVAILABLE COMMERCIALLY, BUT NOT
  PROVEN EFFECTIVE
• CURRENTLY INVESTIGATING ROLE OF GENERALIST
  PREDATORS

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Lamar Dryland Agroecosystem Site N ?
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• 51 Carabid spp. collected at 3 locations
• 8 occur at all 3
• Majority unique to single location

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• 11 spider families collected at 3 locations
• 6 occur at all 3
• Gnaphosidae dominant at all 3 locations

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RWA-RESISTANT VARIETIES IN COLORADO
PI220350
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Categories of Resistance in Halt Antibiosis
expressed as reduced fecundity, reproductive
rate, and intrinsic rate of increase. Tolerance
expressed as reduced chlorosis and leaf
rolling. Minor antixenosis at one growth stage.
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r2 Values for RWA Density vs. Yield
Sister line to Halt
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BETTER THAN 90 CONTROL AT 3 WEEKS
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ECONOMIC INJURY LEVEL FOR RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID
CC x 200
ET
EY x MV
ET ECONOMIC THRESHOLD ( INFESTED
TILLERS) CC CONTROL COSTS (/ACRE) EY
EXPECTED YIELD (BU/ACRE) MV MARKET VALUE (/BU)
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• ON MARCH 28, 2003 WE RECEIVED A REPORT OF
  UNUSUAL RWA DAMAGE IN PRAIRIE RED NEAR WALSH, CO
• GREENHOUSE TESTS WITH THESE APHIDS AND OUR
  STANDARD APHID CONFIRMED THE PRESENCE OF A NEW
  BIOTYPE

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Biotype B
Russian Wheat Aphid Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)
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Breeding and Genetics Perspectives

• Initial observations, germplasm evaluations
• Biotype-B resistance identification
• Resistant cultivar development, approaches
• Associated research

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Spring 2003 Field RWA Observations
Sedgwick
Weld
Logan
Larimer
Phillips
Resistant reactions observed
Morgan
Yuma
Adams
Washington
Susceptible reactions observed
Kit Carson
Cheyenne
Lincoln
Kiowa
RWA not reported
Prowers
Otero
Baca
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RWA Resistance Evaluation Original RWA
Collection June 2003
Akron
Ankor
T107
Pr Red
Halt
Carson
Yumar
Yuma
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RWA Resistance Evaluation SE Colorado
Collection June 2003
Akron
Ankor
T107
Pr Red
Halt
Carson
Yumar
Yuma
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New vs. Original RWA Collections
Leaf rolling score 1flat leaves, 3tightly
rolled Plant damage score 1minimal damage,
9severe stunting and chlorosis
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Resistance Source Evaluation

• Dn1-Dn9 resistance sources all showed
  susceptibility to the new biotype of RWA. Many
  other resistance sources used in breeding since
  1987 also showed susceptibility to the new
  biotype of RWA. The only promising source was
  the germplasm accession '94M370' from South
  Africa.

1 (minimal) to 5 (severe) damage score.
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Biotype-B Resistance Identification

• June 2003 94M371 (Dn7 source)
• June 2003 USDA-ARS-Stillwater OK
  collection CIMMYT collection (Iranian landraces)
• USDA 21 different resistance sources,
  transferred to 'Karl', 'Custer', 'Chisholm'
  backgrounds
• CIMMYT 14 Iranian landrace accessions

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Biotype-B RWA Evaluation (USDA-ARS, CIMMYT
Collections) June 2003
94M370 (Dn7)
Altus-034 (Dn7)
RWA 2414-11 (PI 366515)
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Biotype-B Resistance Identification

• June 2003 94M371 (Dn7 source)
• June 2003 USDA-ARS-Stillwater OK collection
  CIMMYT collection (Iranian landraces)
• July 2003 Iranian landrace reselections Tritical
  e gene introgressions
• Triticale source PI 386148 Russian Triticale
• BC2F10-derived lines increased in San Luis Valley
  in summer 2003 single-rep plots planted ARDEC
  2004
• Cytogenetic, FISH evaluation currently being done
  (Kabwe Nkongolo, Laurentian University, Ontario)

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Biotype-B Resistance Identification

• June 2003 94M371 (Dn7 source)
• June 2003 USDA-ARS-Stillwater OK collection
  CIMMYT collection (Iranian landraces)
• July 2003 Iranian landrace reselections Tritical
  e gene introgressions
• October 2003 Biotype A resistant accessions
• USDA-ARS National Small Grains Collection (NSGC)
• Systematic screenings in late 1980s-early 1990s
• 761 out of gt40,000 accessions chosen for
  evaluation

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Biotype-A Resistant Accessions

• Criteria for selection
• Chlorosis score 4 ('Halt' or better)
• Leaf rolling score flat
• Country of origin

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Biotype-A Resistant Accession Evaluation October
2003
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Biotype-A Resistant Accession Evaluation October
2003
94M370 (Dn7)
CItr 2401
Meghan's Finger?
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Promising Biotype-B Resistant Accessions
94M370 check chlorosis1, leaf rollingF
(flat) Halt, TAM 107 checks chlorosis8-9,
rollingR (rolled)
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Biotype-A Resistant Accession Evaluation Replicate
d Evaluation (68 accessions) April 2004
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Biotype-B Resistance Identification

• June 2003 94M371 (Dn7 source)
• June 2003 USDA-ARS-Stillwater OK collection
  CIMMYT collection (Iranian landraces)
• July 2003 Iranian landrace reselections Tritical
  e introgressions
• October 2003 Biotype A resistant accessions
• February 2004 Iranian landrace screening
• 7,290 total accessions (NSGC)
• 6,400 T. aestivum, 842 T. dicoccum/durum/turgidum

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Iranian Landrace Screening

• Spring 2004
• 3,000 Iranian
• Winter 2004-2005
• 4,000 Iranian
• 2,000 other
• Fall 2005
• 3,000 other
• Spring 2006
• Test all resistant accessions with Biotype-A

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Iranian Landrace Screening April 2004
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Biotype-B Resistance Identification

• June 2003 94M371 (Dn7 source)
• June 2003 USDA-ARS-Stillwater OK collection
  CIMMYT collection (Iranian landraces)
• July 2003 Iranian landrace reselections Tritical
  e introgressions
• October 2003 Biotype A resistant accessions
• February 2004 Iranian landrace screening
• Spring 2004 Miscellaneous germplasm evaluation

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Miscellaneous Germplasm Evaluation Spring 2004
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Resistant Cultivar Development

• USDA-ARS-Stillwater OK germplasm
• "Altus-034" sister selections (Dn7 gene)
• Bread baking quality problems? Agronomics?
• Triticale source (PI 386148)
• Gene transferred to "Lamar" background
• Stability of resistance? Agronomics?
• Backcross introgression, "forward" breeding
• "Altus-034" (Dn7), "2414-11" (PI 366515) sources
• F1s made fall 2003, BC/Topcross currently being
  made
• Favorable agronomic background of donors (?)
• Other sources single-gene deployment, pyramiding
• Biotype-A resistant accessions, Iranian landraces
• Biotype-C? Biotype-D?

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Associated Research

• Meghan Collins
• Biotype-A accession evaluation
• Field studies with Dn7 (spring wheat background)
• Josh Butler
• Separation of Dn7 from sec-1 gene
• Donor parent agronomic, quality evaluation
• Inheritance, allelism of promising sources
• DNA marker development
• Marker Development (Lapitan lab)
• Dn7 fine mapping
• CItr 2401/Karl F2 (ARS-Stillwater), CItr
  2401/Glupro