National Marine Sanctuary Program

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National Marine Sanctuary Program - Restoration
Authority

• National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA) provides
• Any person whoinjures any sanctuary resource is
  liable to the United States for an amount equal
  to the sum ofthe amount of response costs and
  damages resulting from theinjury
• That amount has to be spent
• ? To pay back the U.S. government for the
• response costs
• ? To restorethe sanctuary resources
• including for costs of monitoring

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The Place
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The details

On 27 March 2001, the M/V Connected, an 18.25 m
power boat, struck the shallow reef crest at
Western Sambo Reef in the southern Florida Keys
The Western Sambos Ecological Reserve contains
the greatest habitat diversity in the Lower Keys.
Significant coral features include spur-and
groove formations, bank reefs, and nearshore
patch reefs.
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The Injury
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The Injury
Based upon on-scene assessment and aerial
photography of the injured area, the grounding
caused 202.48 m2 of total injury, of which 11
was living coral tissue. The broken and dislodged
fragments were inventoried, resulting in the
following size class list Acropora palmata
(longest dimension of live tissue) 10 cm 289
fragments 25 cm 106 fragments 45 cm 55
fragments 13 misc. fragments of Agaricia
agaricites, Millepora complanata, Favia fragum
and Porites astreoides.
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The Injury
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What it should look like
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What it should look like..
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What it should look like
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The Restoration
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The Restoration
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The Monitoring
July 2001
July 2004
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The Monitoring
July 2004
July 2001
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The Monitoring
July 2004
July 2001
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The Monitoring
July 2001
July 2004
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The Monitoring
Mean (SE) coral cover () of the reef crowns of
the Connected grounding site.
2004--mean (SE) coral cover () among the
restored area, the damaged unrestored area, and
the reference area of the Connected grounding
site.
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The hurricane effects
July 2004
Sept 2005
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The hurricane effects
July 2004
Sept 2005
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The hurricane effects
July 2004
Sept 2005
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The hurricane effects
July 2004
Sept 2005
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The lessons learned
Reductions in coral cover between the 2004
catastrophic and 2005 monitoring events
Trends in mean (SE) coral cover () of the reef
crowns, reference sites, and unrestored areas
from 2004 to 2005.
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The bottom line
? loose rubble should be removed from the area ?
restoration site should be somewhat elevated
. relative to the surrounding substrate
contours ? cementation / epoxying of
fragments directly to . substrate, or to
attached form, must be able to . withstand
forces generated by bottom currents
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