Common OS Components

1
Common OS Components

• Process Management
• Memory Management
• File Management
• I/O System Management
• Disk Management
• Networking
• Protection System

2
Operating System Software

• Kernel the one program running at all times
  (all else being application programs).
• System Software - Applications to support OS
  activities, e.g., linker, ????

3
Process Management

• A process is a program in execution
• A process is active, at a point specified by its
  PC. A program is passive.
• A process needs certain resources, including CPU
  time, memory, files, and I/O devices, to
  accomplish its task.
• The operating system is responsible for.
• Process creation and deletion.
• Process suspension and resumption.
• Mechanisms for synchronization and communication

4
Memory Management

• Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each
  with its own address.
• Main memory is a volatile storage device.
• Accessed for instructions and data
• The operating system is responsible for
• Keep track of which parts of memory are currently
  being used and by whom.
• Decide which processes to load when memory space
  becomes available.
• Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed

5
File Management

• A file is a collection of related information,
  defined by its creator, e.g., source code,
  binaries, data
• The operating system is responsible for
• File creation and deletion.
• Directory creation and deletion.
• Support of primitives for accessing and
  manipulating files and directories
• File security
• Mapping files onto secondary storage
• Hiding differences between storage types

6
I/O System Management

• The I/O system consists of
• Drivers for specific hardware devices
• A general device-driver interface
• A buffer-caching system
• The operating system is responsible for
• Servicing requests to use IO devices
• Sharing devices between users and processes
• Hiding device peculiarities using device drivers
• Optimizing device performance
• IO error handling
• Buffering and caching

7
Disk Management

• Disks are used for non-volatile and large storage
• The operating system is responsible for
• Free space management and disk space allocation
• Disk scheduling for optimized use
• Bad block management
• Swap space
• Disk reliability
• DMA
• Used for I/O devices that transfer at close to
  memory speeds.
• Transfers blocks directly between device
  controller and main memory.
• Only one interrupt is generated per block
• Must cooperate with other RAM usage

8
Networking (Distributed Systems)

• A distributed system is a collection processors
  that do not share memory. The processors are
  connected through a communication network.
• Operating system must support
• Communication
• Access security
• Process/load distribution
• Sharing of resources

9
Protection System

• Protection refers to a mechanism for internally
  controlling access by programs, processes, and
  users to system and user resources.
• The protection mechanism must
• Distinguish between authorized and unauthorized
  usage.
• Specify the controls to be imposed.
• Provide a means of enforcement
• Different from security

10
OS Services for the User

• Program execution system capability to load a
  program into memory and to run it.
• I/O operations since user programs cannot
  execute I/O operations directly, the operating
  system must provide some means to perform I/O.
• File-system manipulation program capability to
  read, write, create, and delete files.
• Communications exchange of information between
  processes executing either on the same computer
  or on different systems tied together by a
  network.
• Error detection ensure correct computing by
  detecting errors in the CPU and memory hardware,
  in I/O devices, or in user programs.

11
OS Services for the Programmer

• System calls provide the interface between a
  running program and the operating system.
• Generally available as assembly language
  instructions.
• Languages defined to replace assembly language
  for systems programming allow system calls to be
  made directly (e.g., C, C)
• Three general methods are used to pass parameters
  between a running program and the operating
  system.
• Pass parameters in registers.
• Store the parameters in a table in memory, and
  the table address is passed as a parameter in a
  register.
• Push (store) the parameters onto the stack by the
  program, and pop off the stack by operating
  system.

12
Passing of Parameters As A Table
13
OS Services for the OS

• Additional functions exist not for helping the
  user, but rather for ensuring efficient system
  operations.
• Resource allocation allocating resources to
  multiple users or multiple jobs running at the
  same time.
• Accounting keep track of and record which users
  use how much and what kinds of computer resources
  for account billing or for accumulating usage
  statistics.
• Protection ensuring that all access to system
  resources is controlled.

14
OS Software for the User

• System programs provide a convenient environment
  for program development and execution. They can
  be divided into
• File manipulation (cd, rm, cat)
• Status information (ls, ps, lpstat)
• File modification (vi)
• Programming language support (g, gdb, gprof)
• Program loading and execution (shell, exec)
• Communications (ssh, scp)
• Application programs (netscape, mud)
• Most users views of the operation system are
  defined by system programs

15
Command Interpreter

• The program that reads and interprets control
  statements is called variously
• Command line interpreter
• Shell (in UNIX)
• Its function is to get and execute the next
  command
• A shell fulfills commands in two ways
• Built in functionality
• Loading and running a program

16
System Design Goals

• User goals operating system should be
  convenient to use, easy to learn, reliable, safe,
  and fast.
• System goals operating system should be easy to
  design, implement, and maintain, as well as
  flexible, reliable, error-free, and efficient.

17
Simple System Structure

• Not divided into modules
• E.g., MS-DOS written to provide the most
  functionality in the least space
• Although MS-DOS has some structure, its
  interfaces and levels of functionality are not
  well separated

18
Layered System Structure

• The operating system is divided into a number of
  layers (levels), each built on top of lower
  layers.
• The bottom layer (layer 0), is the hardware the
  highest (layer N) is the user interface.
• Layers use services of only lower-level layers.
• Layers cause overhead

19
Layers with Modules Structure

• Layers combined with modularity provide
  flexibility
• E.g., OS/2

20
Microkernel System Structure

• Moves as much from the kernel into user space.
• Communication takes place between user modules
  using message passing.
• Benefits
• Easier to extend a microkernel
• Easier to port the operating system to new
  architectures
• More reliable (less code is running in kernel
  mode)
• More secure

21
Virtual Machines

• The operating system creates the illusion of
  multiple processors each with its own (virtual)
  memory.
• A virtual machine provides an interface identical
  to the underlying bare hardware.

Non-virtual Machine
Virtual Machine
22
System Implementation

• Traditionally written in assembly language,
  operating systems can now be written in
  higher-level languages.
• Code written in a high-level language
• can be written faster.
• is more compact.
• is easier to understand and debug.
• An operating system is far easier to port (move
  to some other hardware) if it is written in a
  high-level language.

23
System Generation (SYSGEN)

• Operating systems are designed to run on any of a
  class of machines
• The system must be configured for each specific
  computer site.
• SYSGEN program obtains information concerning the
  specific configuration of the hardware system.

24
UNIX History

• First developed in 1969 by Ken Thompson and
  Dennis Ritchie of the Research Group at Bell
  Laboratories incorporated features of other
  operating systems, especially MULTICS.
• The third version was written in C, which was
  developed at Bell Labs specifically to support
  UNIX.
• The most influential of the non-Bell Labs and
  non-ATT UNIX development groups University of
  California at Berkeley (Berkeley Software
  Distributions).
• 4BSD UNIX resulted from DARPA funding to develop
  a standard UNIX system for government use.
• Developed for the VAX, 4.3BSD is one of the most
  influential versions, and has been ported to many
  other platforms.
• Several standardization projects seek to
  consolidate the variant flavors of UNIX leading
  to one programming interface to UNIX.

25
History of UNIX Versions
26
UNIX Design Principles

• Designed to be a time-sharing system.
• Has a simple standard user interface (shell) that
  can be replaced.
• File system with multilevel tree-structured
  directories.
• Files are supported by the kernel as unstructured
  sequences of bytes.
• Supports multiple processes a process can easily
  create new processes.
• High priority given to making system interactive,
  and providing facilities for program development.

27
Early Advantages of UNIX

• Written in a high-level language.
• Distributed in source form.
• Provided powerful operating-system primitives on
  an inexpensive platform.
• Small size, modular, clean design.

28
UNIX System Structure

• UNIX limited by hardware functionality, the
  original UNIX operating system had limited
  structuring.
• The UNIX OS consists of two separable parts.
• Systems programs
• Kernel that provides the file system, CPU
  scheduling, memory management, and other
  operating-system functions a large number of
  functions for one level.

29
System Calls

• System calls define the programmer interface to
  UNIX
• The set of systems programs commonly available
  defines the user interface.
• The programmer and user interface define the
  context that the kernel must support.
• Roughly three categories of system calls in UNIX.
• File manipulation (same system calls also support
  device manipulation)
• Process control
• Information manipulation.