Richard Smith

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Carbon Critical Developments in the Middle
East we can do them.
Richard Smith
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sustainability the last two decades
Bruntland
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What is a Carbon Critical Design?
lower impact on Climate Change
minimises GHG emissions
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Middle Eastern Building Sights
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Changes to the UAE Skyline
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Brut Force!
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Brut Force!
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Regional Variations Wind Towers (Barjils)
Wind Catchers (Malqafs)
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Reliable Sea Breeze The Engine for Trade
Reliable Sea Breeze Inspiration
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Arabian Wind Towers inspired the funneling effect
between the towers
Traditional understanding to a Modern
interpretation
Plan
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Bahrain World Trade Center
The Worlds First Large Scale Integration of Wind
Turbines in a Building
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Bahrains constant onshore breeze
Bahrain Wind Rose
Onshore Breeze
70 of Bahrains annual wind energy is from north
west
Constant onshore sea breeze
Day time microclimate due to rising hot air over
the Saudi desert
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The Towers Aerodynamics
Wind tunnel and CFD modeling

• The sail-shape profiles funnel the onshore breeze
  between them, creating more than 30 wind speed
  than the prevailing wind

Original sketches
The S shaped wind stream increases the
turbines potential to generate power over a
wider range of wind directions and therefore
increases the energy generated.
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Micro Wind Climate between the buildings

• Wind increasing in velocity with height, together
  with reduced funning effect of the tapered
  towers, creates a near equal wind speed on each
  turbine
• Reduced RD effort,
• Turbines rotate at same speed
• Turbines produce roughly the same energy
• In Plan and Elevation the shape ofthe building is
  almost carved by the wind to optimise the energy
  yield on the turbines.

160m
Onshore wind velocity
110m
60m
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Turbines and their energy provided

• Size 29 m diameter,11 tons, 400V, 225kW each
• Manufactured by Norwin in Denmark, blades in
  Bangalore
• Operational wind speeds 4 - 25 m/s (20m/s)
• Max rotational speed every 1.5 sec (38 rpm)
• Speed power is regulated by blade stall and
  centrifugal tips
• Turbines will generate a estimate of around 11
  to 15 of the towers requirements

Energy
CO2e
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• Office Tower
• Middle East
• 180,000m2
• 400m tall
• 4,000 population
• 2,000 space car-park

• 58 energy saving
• 50 water saving

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?
35 less emissions
50 less emissions
65 less emissions
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.but what is possible at community level?
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Energy Cost ? Regulation ? Plant Efficiency
? Carbon Incentives ? TSE Availability
? Mandatory Renewables ?
C??
/kWe ? x2 /TR ? (x1.5-3.0) /m2 ? (x.8-1.5)
Building Energy Consumption ? Building Maximum
Demand ? Development Density ? Energy Poverty ?
energy density
?
Energy Choice / Tariff ? Existing Buildings
? Co-generation Opportunity ? Community
Integration ?
Innovation / flexibility opportunity
?
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C??
Efficient Process Integrated Multi-Cycle
Solutions Grid Networks Renewables Trading Innovat
ions
/kWe ? x2 /TR ? (x1.5-3.0) /m2 ? (x.8-1.5)
energy density
?
Innovation / flexibility opportunity
?
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2020 Carbon Critical Development
nCSP
DCaP
EvcC
HT Waste Heat
waste
ChW
HTTC
WtE
sludge
MTHW
sewage
LTTC
recycled
product
waste heat
STP
LDS regen
LDS
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Annual Available Renewable Energy
Earths requirements
2020 Carbon Critical Development
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2020 Carbon Critical Development
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Thank You
Richard Smith
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Thank You
Richard Smith