Addressing the Problems and Gaps in Estimating the GHG Inventory from Fugitive Sources During Preparation of the Initial National Communication of Iran

1
Addressing the Problems and Gaps in Estimating
the GHG Inventory from Fugitive Sources During
Preparation of the Initial National Communication
of Iran

• Presented by
• Mohammad Soltanieh
• National Project Manager
• Climate Change Office
• Department of Environment
• Islamic Republic of Iran
• UNFCCCs CGE Hands-on Training Workshop on
  National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
• 8-12 Feb., 2005
• Shanghai, China

2
Presentation Overview

• Energy sector in Iran
• GHG inventory and share of the fugitive emissions
• Trend of fugitive emissions in Iran
• Problems and gaps in estimating the fugitive GHG
  inventory for Initial National Communication
• What are the approaches for removing the barriers
  in preparing the 2nd National Communication

3
Energy sector in IranEnergy sector and its
share in GDP
4
Energy sector in IranTrend of primary energy
production, domestic consumption, import and
export (MBOE, 1971-2002)
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Energy sector in IranEnergy balance in 2002
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Energy sector in Iran Contribution of oil
products in sectoral energy demand()
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Energy sector in Iran Trend of CO2 emissions
by fuel type(Fuel combustion-ktonnes)
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Energy sector in Iran Trend of CO2 emission per
capita (tonnes/capita) and per GDP (tonnes/Mn.
Rial-constant price 1982 )
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National GHG Inventory Contribution of
different sectors to total CO2 Eq. emissions in
1994 (Gg)
Total N2O CH4 CO2 Sources
  8.79 1,559 285,891 1 . Energy
  8.8 80.6 254,354 Fuel Combustion
  0.0 1,478 31,537 Fugitive Emissions
  2.2 1.9 24,754 2 . Industry
  54.2 643 0.0 3 . Agriculture
  0.04 7.0 31,417 4 . Forestry
  4.6 326.7 0.0 5 .Waste
  69.9 2,538 342,062 Total GHG Emissions
  310 21 1 GWP
417,010 21,658 53,291 342,062 Total CO2 Equivalent
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National GHG Inventory Contribution of
different sectors to total CO2 Eq. emissions in
1994 ()

• Fugitive sources are responsible for 9.2 of the
  total CO2, 58 of the total CH4 and 15 of the
  total GHG emissions, respectively.

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National GHG Inventory Contribution of
different energy sub-sectors to GHG emissions in
1994 (Gg)
Total N2O CH4 CO2 Sources
  8.8 80.6 254,354 Fuel Combustion
  0.0 1,478 31,537 Fugitive Emissions
  8.8 1,559 285,891 Total GHG Emissions
  310 21 1 GWP
321,357 2,726 32,740 285,891 Total CO2 Equivalent

• The table shows that fugitive emissions are
  responsible for 11 of the CO2 emission and 95
  of the CH4 emission in energy sector.

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National GHGs Inventory Contribution of
different fugitive emission sources to the total
fugitive emissions in 1994 (Gg)
CH4 CO2 Sources
1,478 31,537 Fugitive Emissions (total)
41.9   Oil Activities
491.6   Gas Activities
931 31,537 Venting Flaring
14.5   Coal Mining
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Trend of fugitive emissions in Iran CO2 and
methane emissions from fugitive sources (Gg)
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Fugitive Sources of Emission

• Oil Activities
• Exploration
• Production
• Transport
• Refining
• Storage
• Gas Activities
• Production/Processing
• Transmission/Distribution
• Leakage
• Venting and Flaring from Oil/Gas Production
• Coal Mining

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Problems and Gaps in Developing GHG Inventory
from Fugitive Sources (hot flare)

• Hot flaring in normal operations Methane burning
  on well heads and oil and gas refineries is one
  of the major CO2 emission sources and the IPCC
  1996 Guidelines have not provided the methodology
  for this type of GHG emission. Expert judgment
  was used for estimations.
• Cold flaring in drilling operations No national
  emission factors were available. Thus, for well
  drilling activity other international emission
  factors were used which include US EPA
  (EPA-600/R96, 1996) Canadian Association of
  Petroleum Producers (VOC and Methane Emissions
  for Canadian Upstream Oil and Gas Industry,
  Calgary, AB 1999) and the information from the
  Stockholm Environmental Institute, Boston Center.

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Problems and Gaps in Developing GHG Inventory
from Fugitive Sources (hot flare)-continued

• In startup, overhaul of operations, accidents,
  repair and maintenance operations The volume of
  gaseous components that are sent to the flare is
  closely related to the type of process, skill of
  the personnel, safety considerations and systems
  and management, resulting in uncertain
  estimation. Here again, rough estimates were made
  by expert judgment.

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Problems and Gaps in Developing GHG Inventory
from Fugitive Sources (cold flare)

• Leakage in pump stations and gas pipelines The
  volume of leakage is closely related to the level
  of repair and maintenance operations and the type
  of technology. An average of 1 loss in the gas
  pipeline was assumed.
• The IPCC Tier 1 methodology was used for fugitive
  emissions from oil refining, i.e. 1200 kg CH4/PJ
  of refined oil and for storage 135 kg CH4/PJ of
  refined oil.
• Leakage in unit operations and storage tanks
  There is little information available at national
  level for estimation of such emissions, except
  for evaporative losses from storage and handling
  of gasoline.

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What are the approaches for removing the barriers
in preparing the 2nd National Communication

• Installing the measurement tools in refinery
  flares.
• Installing gas analyzers in refinery flares.
• Using the mass balance approaches for estimation
  of GHG emissions from process equipments.
• Using the mass balance approaches in natural gas
  networks.
• Installing measurement tools in storage tanks and
  using mass balance approach.
• Collecting activity data in storage tanks in
  terms of throughput capacity instead of volume of
  crude oil and oil products.

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• Thank you
• For
• Your attention.