Energy Storage Systems

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Energy Storage Systems

• Prof. G. Bothun
• Dept. of Physics
• University of Oregon

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Scalable Energy StorageEvaluations of Choices
RENEW
GRID CAPACITY
Power Plant
X
STORAGE
GRID RELIABILITY
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Key Points

• Defining the 10/1 Hour Goal
• Conceptual Overview of Energy Storage
• Evaluating Rubrics for Competing Technologies
• Specific Examples of Current Technologies
• Hydrogen as a Proxy for Transmission lines

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The 10 / 1 Hour Objective
2005 3600 Billion KWHs
50 Giga Watts for 1 Hour
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A More Personal Scale

• Individual Americans use 1.5 KWH of electricity
  every hour
• 10 / 1 Hour objective equates to the individual
  requiring 150 Watt Hours of storage for one hour

A 2-4 KG Battery Pack or 10 grams of gasoline!
Our Consumption scale is Large
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Needs For Energy Storage

• Smooth over fluctuations in regional electricity
  demand due to varying peak
• Safety net for intermittent energy supplies such
  as wind, solar, seasonal variations in hydro or
  biomass
• Means of recovering waste energy
• Regulatory necessity for more reliable
  electricity delivery

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Future Baseline Supply Plan is LNG
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Seize the Opportunity?

• Nearly 2/3 of the natural gas used in gas fired
  power plant drives the compressor.
• Use Wind Energy to charge a compressed air
  storage systems and store it underground
• Feed it to the compressor

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Managing Peak Load with Storage
1000 MW
80 Load for 50 Days ? 216000 MWH of Storage
? 200 Load for 9 Days
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But Peak Demand Is Increasing
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Peak Demand Climate Driven
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Choices and Estimated Costs

• Pumped Hydro
• Li-Ion
• Flywheels
• CAES
• SMES
• Ultracapacitors

• 800 /KW 12 /KWH
• 300 /KW 200/KWH
• 350 /KW 500/KWH
• 750 /KW 12 /KWH
• 650 /KW 1500
• 300 /KW 3600

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Alternative Ragone Plot
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Pumped Hydro Simple In Principle
2000 MW 8 HRS Discharge
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Towards Better Batteries ? 400 WH/KG Goal
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Flow Batteries ? Scalable !
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Engineered Into Buildings
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Flywheels

• Advanced materials, fused silica ? 900 WH/KG

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A Single 25KWH Unit
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Small Footprint in Array
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CAES Need Pressure Confined Cavern 2 Sites
Worldwide
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SMES

• Volumetric Energy Density ½ mWH2
• In principle reasonable size systems can store up
  to 1500 MWh of energy.
• Good for utility-scale applications

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Comparison
PH CA FLY THM BAT CAP MES
PWR 1000 200 5 5 5 5 500
EFF 80 70 90 85 75 90 95
TiME HRS HRS MIN HRS HRS SEC HR
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The 10 / 1 HR Solution

• 25 Luddington Size Pumped Hydro Facilities Grid
  connected!
• 100 Million KG of Advanced Batteries (1 Billion
  KG of AAs)
• 300,000 grid connected fused silica flywheels of
  radius 1 meter and width 0.25 meters
• 300x300x300 meter cube of compressed air (one
  helluva scuba tank!)

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Dedicated Hydrogen Production

• 10 solution requires 200 million liters of
  hydrogen
• Note that we use about 400 million gallons of
  gasoline a day
• 10,000 1.5 MW Wind Turbines located in Western
  North Dakota could produce 200 million liters of
  hydrogen every 24 hours

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Overall Conclusions

• Conventional Energy Storage solutions do not
  scale well to solve increasing gap between
  average and peak loads
• Flow batteries or flywheel farms may be practical
  for some in situ industrial applications
• SMES can become a utility scale application on
  short timescales
• Electricity Water Hydrogen

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THE END