Den internationale straffedomstol

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Den internationale straffedomstol

• hvorfor det måske alligevel kunne blive en god
  ide
• Af Jakob v. H. Holtermann

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• And it ought to be remembered that there is
  nothing more difficult to take in hand, more
  perilous to conduct, or more uncertain in its
  success, than to take the lead in the
  introduction of a new order of things. Because
  the innovator has for enemies all those who have
  done well under the old conditions, and lukewarm
  defenders in those who may do well under the
  new.
• (Machiavelli, The Prince)

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• Disposition
• Præsentation af ICC
• Kritikpunkter imod ICC
• Empirisk usikkerhed
• Folkedrab etc. begås af almindelige mennesker i
  ekstraordinære kontekster
• Antagelsen om instrumentel rationalitet
• Fred over retfærdighed

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• I believe that a properly constituted and
  structured International Criminal Court would
  make a profound contribution in deterring
  egregious human rights abuses worldwide.
• (Clinton 2000)

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• Prevention is cited simply because of the void
  of alternatives, the rational ones.
  International justice comes close to a religious
  exercise of hope and perhaps of deception.
• (Tallgren 2002 561)

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• No sensible penologist doubt that penalties
  operate as deterrents.
• (Walker 1991 15)
• There is a rebuttable presumption in favor of
  the view that, ordinarily, people order their
  affairs roughly in order to maximize their
  benefits. Without such a presumption, it would be
  impossible to understand human affairs at all.
• (Ellis 2009)

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• Påstanden om truslen om straf gennem ICC kan
  virke afskrækkende
• ikke en påstand om at alle vil kunne afskrækkes
  hele tiden
• en påstand om at nogle vil kunne afskrækkes noget
  af tiden
• tilstrækkeligt mange vil kunne afskrækkes til at
  opveje omkostningerne ved ICC.

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• Betingelser for folkedrab etc.
• Polarisering
• Dehumanisering af den anden
• Konfrontatorisk debatklima
• Fravær af dialog
• Dolkestødslegende/egen gruppes offerstatus
• Følelse af eksistenskamp
• Etc.

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• Bekræftes af gerningsmandsstudier, fx
• Browning Hitler's Willing Executioners Ordinary
  Germans and the Holocaust
• Goldhagen Ordinary Men Reserve Police Battalion
  101 and the Final Solution in Poland

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• Violence becomes normalized when neighbors
  avert their gaze, draw the blinds, and excitedly
  move into a suddenly available apartment. This
  broad public participation, despite its catalytic
  role, is overlooked by criminal law, thereby
  perpetuating a myth and a deception. The myth is
  that a handful of people are responsible for
  endemic levels of violence. The deception
  involves hiding the myriad political, economic,
  historical, and colonial factors that create
  conditions precedent for violence.
• (Drumbl 2007 172)

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• Gyges ring
• And this we may truly affirm to be a great
  proof that a man is just, not willingly or
  because he thinks that justice is any good to him
  individually, but of necessity, for wherever any
  one thinks that he can safely be unjust, there he
  is unjust.
• (Plato, The Republic, book 2)

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• INUS-betingelse
• Utilstrækkelig, men nødvendig del af et
  unødvendigt, men tilstrækkeligt sæt af
  betingelser for virkningen.

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• Swiss cheese model

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• Individuals who commit atrocity on the scale of
  genocide are unlikely to behave as rational
  actors, deterred by the risk of punishment
• (Martha Minow, p. 50).
• The theory of prevention in general is
  vulnerable to the criticism that the potential
  criminal is unlikely to try consciously and
  rationally to estimate the benefits and risks of
  the crime beforehand. In the context of the most
  serious crimes it is even more relevant to ask
  how often criminals act in circumstances that are
  conducive to such considerations.
• (Tallgren 2002 584)

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• When the various motivations for attacks on
  civilians are combined the desire to defend
  ones community, hatred of the other side, a
  belief that civilians are essentially
  indistinguishable from combatants and therefore a
  threat, and directions from political and
  military leaders encouraging such attacks it is
  not surprising that a slight risk of future
  prosecution will not have a major deterrent
  effect.
• (Wippman 1999 479)

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• Serb forces in Kosovo routinely wore black ski
  masks when engaged in ethnic cleansing as the
  prospect of NATO control over Kosovo loomed
  larger, Serb forces intensified efforts to
  conceal mass graves and hide evidence of criminal
  conduct.
• (Wippman 1999 480)

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• Actual experience with efforts at deterrence is
  not encouraging. Beginning in 1941, the United
  States and the United Kingdom issued a series of
  highly publicized warnings that violations of the
  laws of war would be punished and that superior
  orders would not be accepted as a defense.
  Similarly, in the former Yugoslavia, the Security
  Council and various individual states repeatedly
  warned combatants that those committing
  atrocities would eventually be prosecuted. But
  there is no empirical evidence of effective
  deterrence in either case.
• (Wippman 1999 474)

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• Equity
• Suppose a siege, then a decree that the city
  gates are to be kept closed is a useful general
  measure for the public safety. Yet say some
  citizens among the defenders are being pursued by
  the enemy, the cost would be heavy were the gates
  not to be opened to them. So opened they are to
  be, against the letter of the decree, in order to
  defend that very common safety the ruling
  authority had in view.
• (Thomas 1964 , 1a2æ. 96, 6)

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• And this is the nature of the equitable, a
  correction of law where it is defective owing to
  its universality.
• (Aristotle 1987 1137b26-27)

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• Appeals to equity will justify the kind of
  appeal to mercy and broader social good that is
  involved when amnesties are granted instead of
  holding criminal trials
• (May 2005 243)

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• Fiat iustitia, et pereat mundus
• (Let there be justice, though the world perish)

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Den internationale straffedomstol hvorfor det
måske alligevel

• Fiat justitia si mundus non periet
• (Let there be justice unless it will make the
  world perish)