UTILIZATION OF WASTE TIRE RUBBER IN THE MANUFACTURING OF PARTICLEBOARD

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• UTILIZATION OF WASTE TIRE RUBBER IN THE
  MANUFACTURING OF PARTICLEBOARD
• NADIR AYRILMIS, PH.D., RESEARCH WOOD SCIENTIST
• UMIT BUYUKSARI, GRADUATE RESEARCH ASSISTANT
• ERKAN AVCI, GRADUATE RESEARCH ASSISTANT
• DEPARTMENT OF FOREST PRODUCTS ENGINEERING
• ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY
• ISTANBUL, TURKEY
• ALI N KURU, CHEMICAL ENGINEER
• UN-SAL WASTE TIRE PROCESSING COMPANY
• SEYHAN ADANA
• TURKEY
• 6th International Conference

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

• In recent years, there has been widespread
  interest in the manufacture of products from
  recycled materials. Among the advantages of doing
  this is the fact that material recycling makes
  the technology more economically and
  environmentally attractive. Particularly among
  the waste materials in the advancement of
  civilization, waste tires are a major concern,
  because the amount of waste tires is increasing
  more and more due to the increasing demand for
  tires and because of their short lifetime, it is
  therefore necessary to develop methods for
  recycling waste tires.
• The policy of most countries in the world
  is evolving such that recycling and, in
  particular, the use of waste tires as
  construction material are being encouraged, in
  order to prevent environmental pollution.

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• European Tyre Recycling Association (ETRA)
  Conference 2007 in Brussels, Belgium, estimated
  that the equivalent of 300 million or more scrap
  tires reach their end-of-life each year in the 27
  member states of the European Union.
• The disposal of used automotive tires has
  caused many environmental and economical problems
  to most countries. One of the main
  characteristics of rubber tires is their high
  volatile and fixed carbon contents with heating
  value greater than that of coal. But some
  environmental concern rose during the latest
  years regarding the incineration of tire
  rubbeEffectively recycling waste tires such as
  manufacturing wood-rubberbased composites could
  be one of the solutions

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• OBJECTIVES
• 1- TO INVESTIGATE THE POSSIBILITY OF MAKING
  PARTICLEBOARDS BY RECYCLING OF WASTE TIRE
  RUBBERS.
• 2- TO SOLVE A SERIOUS PROBLEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL
  POLLUTION CAUSED BY TIRE INDUSTRY.
• 3- TO FIND A SOLUTION INCREASING RAW MATERIAL
  REQUIREMENT FOR THE PARTICLEBOARD INDUSTRY IN
  TURKEY
• 4- TO EVALUATE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL
  PROPERTIES OF THE PARTICLEBOARDS CONTAINING
  WASTE TIRE RUBBER IF THEY ARE SUITABLE FOR
  FURNITURE AND CABINET MANUFACTURE.

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RAW MATERIAL
1. WASTE TIRE RUBBER

• The waste tire rubber crumbs were prepared
  from waste tires with reinforced tendons being
  mechanically removed prior to grinding rubber
  crumbs. The process of grinding waste tires
  consists of mechanical cutting and granulation.
  Two types of rubber crumbs of waste tire, passing
  80-mesh and 30-mesh screens, were supplied from
  Un-sal Waste Tire Processing Company in Adana,
  Turkey.
• The tire rubber crumbs (between 0.8 and
  2.75mm) passing 30-mesh screen were used for core
  layer while the rubber crumbs (between 0.01 and
  0.8mm) passing 80-mesh screen were used for
  surface layers within particleboard (Fig. 1). The
  rubber crumbs were then dried to an moisture
  content between 34 prior to processing.

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2. WOOD PARTICLES

• Two types of wood particles, coarse and fine
  flakes, were used in the laboratory-made
  three-layer particleboard laboratory type
  particleboard with tire rubber manufacture. The
  coarse flakes were used for the core layer of the
  three layer particleboard, while the fine flakes
  were used for the face layers of the board.

3. ADHESIVE
Two types of adhesive, the liquid melamine-urea
formaldehyde (MUF) adhesive containing 25
melamine and 75 urea (based on liquid resin at
65 solids) and polyisocyanate adhesive were used
in the experiments. The NH4Cl solution (20) was
applied at a level of 1 based on solid weight of
MUF resin.
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Two types of waste tire rubber crumb (Left the
tire rubber crumbs passing 30-mesh screen for the
core layer. Right the rubber crumbs passing
80-mesh screen for surface layers within
particleboard).
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Panel Manufacture

• Particleboards were manufactured at a
  specific gravity of 0.65 with waste tire rubber
  crumbs contents of 10, 20, and 30 based on the
  weight of the oven-dry weight of wood particles.
  For comparison of the physical and mechanical
  properties of the boards with waste tire rubber,
  the control boards were also manufactured. After
  mixing fine wood particles and waste rubber
  crumbs passing 80-mesh screen and placing the
  mixture into a rotary drum mixer, the mixture was
  slowly mixed with 10 the MUF adhesive based on
  the oven-dry weight of wood particles.
• The same procedure was then applied to
  mixing the coarse wood particles and waste rubber
  crumbs passing 30-mesh screen to prepare core
  layer of particleboard. 10 polyisocyanate resin
  based on the oven-dry weight of wood particles
  was then applied to the mixture of wood particles
  and the tire rubber crumbs similarly to the MUF
  resin as a second board type.

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• HOT-PRESS PARAMETERS
• PRESSURE 2.5 N/mm2
• TEMPERATURE 180 oC
• PRESS TIME 10 min.
• TRIMMED PANEL SIZE
• 50 cm by 50 cm by 1 cm

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Rotary drum mixer
Hot-press
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Particleboard containing 20 waste tire rubber
based on the oven-dry weight of wood particles.
Waste tire rubber crumb
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Particleboard containing 20 waste tire rubber
based on the oven-dry weight of wood particles.
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• A total of 16 particleboards (8 boards made
  using MUF resin and 8 boards made using
  polyisocyanate resin) were made for the
  experiments. Eight boards, two boards from each
  of the four levels (control and three levels of
  tire rubber to wood particles mixing ratios
  10/90, 20/80, 30/70) were tested for physical and
  mechanical properties.
• All physical and mechanical tests on the
  experimental particleboards were conducted in
  accordance with appropriate European Norms (EN).
• For physical and mechanical properties, all
  multiple comparisons were first subjected to two
  way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at p lt 001 and
  significant differences between mean values of
  the particleboard groups were determined using
  Duncans multiple range test.

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PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL TESTS
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Values in parentheses are standard
deviationAdhesive types, MUF Melamine-urea
formaldehyde, PI polyisocynate.
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• CONCLUSIONS
• The following conclusions have been drawn from
  the results of the present work
• 1. Mechanical properties of all particleboards
  made using MUF and polyisocyanate were found to
  comply with general-purpose particleboard minimum
  property requirements of EN 312 Type P1 (2005) at
  10 waste tire rubber loading level (10) based
  on the oven-dry weight of wood particles.
• 2. The waste tire rubber improved water
  resistance of the particleboard due to its
  hydrophobic property. Increasing rubber crumbs
  fraction that decreased the thickness swelling of
  the particleboards.
• 3. From the observations of fracture surface of
  bending and internal bond samples made using
  polyisocyanate, excellent interface bonding can
  be formed between wood particles,
• and good bonding was also observed between
  wood particles and rubber crumbs.
• 4. Based on the laboratory findings obtained
  from the present study, wood particles and
  recycled tire rubber crumbs could be successfully
  combined in the manufacture of particleboard.

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Effects of waste tire rubber and resin type on
average values of thickness swelling of
three-layer particleboard (MUF melamine/urea
formaldehyde).
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Effects of waste tire rubber and resin type
on average values of modulus of rupture of
three-layer particleboard (MUF melamine/urea
formaldehyde).
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Effects of waste tire rubber and resin type on
average values of modulus of elasticity
three-layer particleboard (MUF melamine/urea
formaldehyde).
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Effects of waste tire rubber and resin type on
average values of internal bond strength of
three-layer particleboard (MUF melamine/urea
formaldehyde).
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• CONCLUSIONS
• The following conclusions have been drawn from
  the results of the present work
• 1. Mechanical properties of all particleboards
  made using MUF and polyisocyanate were found to
  comply with general-purpose particleboard minimum
  property requirements of EN 312 Type P1 (2005) at
  10 waste tire rubber loading level (10) based
  on the oven-dry weight of wood particles.
• 2. The waste tire rubber improved water
  resistance of the particleboard due to its
  hydrophobic property. Increasing rubber crumbs
  fraction that decreased the thickness swelling of
  the particleboards.
• 3. From the observations of fracture surface of
  bending and internal bond samples made using
  polyisocyanate, excellent interface bonding can
  be formed between wood particles and good bonding
  was also observed between wood particles and
  rubber crumbs.
• 4. Based on the laboratory findings obtained
  from the present study, wood particles and
  recycled tire rubber crumbs could be successfully
  combined in the manufacture of particleboard.

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FURTHER WORKS

• 1. To improve fire resistance of the
  particleboards made of mixture of wood and tire
  rubber by adding fire retardants.
• 2. Steel wire reinforcements within the
  particleboard and increase the MOE and MOR of
  higher wood-tire ratio boards.

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• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• This work was supported by the Research Fund of
  the Istanbul University. Project number
  UDP-3049/07112008. The authors wish to
  acknowledge the Research Fund of the Istanbul
  University for financial support.

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