The Classification of Living Things: Taxonomy and Characteristics

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The Classification of Living ThingsTaxonomy and
Characteristics
Diatom
Birds nest fungus
Salmonella
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Study of the Classification of Living Things
Pan troglodytes
Canis familiaris
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Equus caballus
Homo sapiens
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Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Eubacteria
Plantae
Animalia
Archaea
Protista
Fungi
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
cytoskeleton
flagellum
mitochondrion
centrioles
nucleus

cilia
lysosome
ribosomes
Cell membrane
Golgi apparatus
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Who are the prokaryotes?The true bacteria
Lyme disease Syphilis Spirochete
Spirochete
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Who are the prokaryotes?Cyanobacteria
Oscillatoria Nostoc
Anabaena Chroococcus Fresh water hot
springs
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Archaea the extremophiles
Geyser
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Scientific Names
Genus

• Escherichia coli common bacteria of the mammal
  intestine
• Clostridium tetani bacteria that cause tetanus
• Bacillus anthracis rod shaped bacteria that
  cause anthrax
• Staphylococcus aureus common bacteria of the
  skin and mouth

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Bacteria Classified by Shape
bacilli
Spirillum bacterium
Cocci (coccus)
spirochete
bacillus
E. coli
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Shapes of bacteria
Vibrio cholerae
Spiral spirochetes
Streptococcus
The bacillus Shigella
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Where are these bacilli (E. coli)?
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These E. coli are on your _____.
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Staphylococcus aureus on human skin magnified
1000 x
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Respiration Aerobic or Anaerobic?

• Obligate aerobes Streptococcus and
  Staphylococcus
• Obligate anaerobes Clostridium tetani and C.
  botulinum
• Facultative aerobes Escherichia coli

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Clostridium sp.

• Clostridium botulinum causes severe food
  poisoning called botulism.
• Clostridium tetani toxin causes a state of
  constant muscle contraction called tetanus.

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Bacillus anthracis
Robert Koch's original micrographs of the anthrax
bacillus on left and middle The anthrax bacillus
was the first bacterium shown to be the cause of
a disease.
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Foods Made Using Bacteria
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Kingdom ProtistaThe Protozoans
Cluster of paramecia
SEM Paramecium
Amoeba
Paramecia w/ excretory products
Paramecium with symbiotic algae
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Amoeba
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Kingdom ProtistaThe Protozoans
Amoeba proteus streaming engulfing a paramecium
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A Single-Celled Hunter and Its Prey The juglike
Didinium (left) swallowing a Paramecium
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Pathogenic Protozoans
Giardia
Amoebic dysentery
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Pathogenic Protozoans
Trypanosoma Agents of African Sleeping Sickness
5000X Enters the bloodstream from bite of tsetse
fly.
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Reproduction by Single Cells
Asexual binary fission
Conjugation
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Algae
Pediastrum
A desmid
Volvox
Spirogyra
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DIATOMS
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Euglenoids
Euglena
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FUNGI
mold
Yeast cells
KINGDOM
Amanita muscaria
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Rhizopus
sporangiophores
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Penicillium roqueforti
P. camemberti
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SAPROBES
Polyporus badius
Rhizopus on strawberries
bacteria
Wood rotting fungus
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Name the Kingdom
mold
mildew
yeast
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Name the Kingdom
Ringworm Tinea corporis
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Name the Kingdom
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Name the Kingdom
Athletes foot Tinea pedis
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Name the Kingdom
cyanobacteria
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Name the Kingdom - seaweed
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Name the Kingdom
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Name the Kingdom
Nucleus cell wall
Spirogyra
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Name the Kingdom
Euglena
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Name the Kingdom
Streptococcus pyogenes
Cause of strep throat
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Name the Kingdom
Staph infection
Staphylococcus aureus
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What is symbiosis?A mutually beneficial
arrangement between two different living things
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Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs
Carry on photosynthesis No photosynthesis
make their own food
ingest or absorb food
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Kingdoms of Heterotrophs
Golden orb-web spider
Ambilobe male chameleon
Mushrooms on log
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Kingdom of Autotrophs
Hood Island, Galapagos Islands
Ecuador
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Kingdom Protista
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Homo sapiens entomologists
_______________________
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Canis familiaris taxonomy
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Equus caballus
with Homo sapiens
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Sus scrofa
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Felis domesticus/cattus
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Ursus horribilis
Grizzly bears
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Agkistrodon contortrix
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Seven Taxonomic Categories

• Kingdom King
• Phylum Paul
• Class Came
• Order Over
• Family For
• Genus Georges
• Species Sword

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Taxonomy of humans

• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Primates
• Family Hominidae
• Genus Homo
• Species Homo sapiens

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Characteristics of all Animals

• Multicellular with cells showing division of
  labor
• Cells are eukaryotic
• Heterotrophic by ingestion

7 spot ladybird beetle
Clownfish w/ anemone
Sea Star
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Characteristics of all Chordates

• Pharyngeal slits
• A dorsal notochord
• A tail which extends past the anal opening
• Includes 3 subphyla Cephalochordata,
  Urochordata, and Vertebrata

4 species of sea squirts
Amphioxus, a lancelet
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Subphylum VertebrataNerve cord encased in
vertebrae
Poison arrow frog
Green sea turtle
koala
Sergeant Major fish
Snowy egret
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Characteristics of Class Mammalia

• Hair or fur at some time
• Mammary glands to feed young
• Endothermic

Manatee
Opossum
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Who are the Primates?
Western lowlands gorilla
Patas monkey
Ring tailed lemur
White faced gibbon
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Characteristics of all Primates

• Opposable Thumb
• Binocular vision

Homo sapiens
Pan troglodytes
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Family Hominidae the hominids
Australopithecus afarensis - Lucy
3.5 myo footprints
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Other Hominids
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Characteristics of Bipedalism
Foramen magnum at base of skull Bowl shaped
pelvis Knee cap faces forward Femur angles in Big
toe points forward Arched foot
A. afarensis
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Family Hominidae the hominids
Australopithecus africanus
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What is a species?
mule
Donkey Equus asinus
Horse Equus caballus
produce fertile offspring
Mate in nature and