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Insect Pests of Livestock

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Title: Insect Pests of Livestock


1
Insect Pests of Livestock
  • Presented by Shannon Williams
  • Extension Educator
  • Prepared by Kelly V. Tindall
  • Extension Entomologist, Twin Falls County

2
Cattle Grub
  • Cost beef industry 200 million dollars annually
  • Control
  • Poor weight gain
  • Paralysis (move through spinal canal)
  • Secondary infection at opening
  • Damage to hide
  • Cause gadding (cattle run away from adult
    flies)
  • Two species

3
Common Cattle Grub
  • Bee-like appearance
  • Abdomen has three bands of hairs light yellow
    toward the front, dark in the midsection, and
    orange-yellow at the rear aprx. ½ in length
  • No functional mouthparts mate and reproduce on
    energy from stored reserves
  • Lays as many as 12 eggs on a single hair on the
    lower part of the body
  • Migrate beneath the lining of the esophagus
    lining

4
Northern Cattle Grub
  • Similar to common cattle grub
  • Larvae or grubs are large, with a segmented
    surface tapered at both ends
  • Lays eggs singly on hairs on the lower part of
    the body
  • Migrate to the spinal chord
  • Life cycle is 1-2 months behind common cattle grub

5
Cattle Grub Biology
  • Young cattle are more susceptible than older
    cattle
  • Eggs hatch aprx. 4 days
  • Larvae penetrate the skin and within 1-2 months
    migrate to the special location
  • Live in the location for aprx. 6 mos. (winter)
  • Migrate to the back of the animal
  • Larva cuts a breathing hole
  • Larva make a pouch (warble)
  • 6-8 weeks later larva exits, falls to the ground
    and pupates
  • Adults emerge within 14-60 days

6
Cattle Grub Control
  • Area-wide control more effective than individual
    efforts
  • Systemic insecticides 30-60 days after fly
    activity has stopped
  • Cattle can be injured or killed following poorly
    timed applications due to the bodys reaction to
    dead grubs
  • Common cattle grub swollen gullet causing
    bloating
  • Northern cattle grub paralysis of hind quarter
  • 48 HAT examine for side effects (bloating,
    stiffening of hind quarter, and excessive
    salivation) contact veterinarian if symptoms are
    seen
  • Dipping or pour-on application methods are most
    convenient
  • Treated mineral blocks or rations are effective
    if cattle have regular access
  • Manual removal breaking larva inside the hole
    can send a cow into shock

7
Face Fly
  • Feeds on the secretions of the eye and muzzle
  • High incidence of eye disorders
  • Tear production and swelling of the eye
  • Involved in the mechanical transmission of
    disease
  • Causes annoyance and irritation
  • Usually pest of range and pasture cattle, not
    confined cattle

8
Face Fly Description
  • Nonbiting fly
  • Resembles the house fly
  • Gray thorax with four dark stripes
  • Abdomen of the female is primarily black with an
    orange base and the eyes are surrounded by a
    silvery stripe
  • Abdomen of the male is orange-brown with a black
    base and a black dorsal stripe the male's eyes
    almost touch in the center.
  • Mouthparts are blunt and do not protrude straight
    like the horn fly and stable fly.
  • Larva is yellowish, maggot-like larva, aprx. ½
    inch

9
Face Fly Biology
  • Populations increase rapidly, monitor frequently
  • Problem throughout most of the summer
  • Prefer sunshine, avoid shade, cows may huddle
    together for shade or seek shade
  • Eggs laid in fresh droppings
  • Larvae develop on dung
  • Pupation occurs in dry areas of dung or nearby
    soil
  • Life cycle takes 10-21 days
  • Can travel long distances

10
Face Fly Control
  • Multiple applications
  • lt5 of population is present on cattle at a given
    time
  • Treated cattle can be reinfested
  • Applications are effective 3-5 days
  • Spraying and dipping are not practical
  • Ear tags or tapes (1/ear) and dust bags are
    normally effective
  • Self treating devices must be used frequently and
    constructed to contact the face
  • Feeding additives target maggots in dung

11
Cattle Lice Injury
  • USDA estimates losses of 125 million a year
  • Cause lowered milk production, loss of flesh,
    stunted growth and anemia
  • "Chronic" or "carrier (continue to be infested
    despite repeated treatments) cows may abort young
    due to louse-induced anemia
  • During severe winters, more susceptible to
    respiratory diseases

12
Cattle Lice Injury
  • Fall and spring calves, yearlings, and older
    cattle usually have the heaviest lice
    infestations
  • Heavily infested cattle are generally in poor
    physical condition with rough, patchy hair or
    coats that have a dirty appearance
  • Moderate to heavy lice populations may reduce
    weight gain of calves by as much as 0.21 lb/day
  • Chronic" or "carrier" cows reinfest entire herds
    each year and should be culled

13
Cattle Lice Biology
  • Reproduction increases in cool weather
  • In the summer, generally found only in the folds
    of skin between the legs and body
  • In the winter, populations increase and move to
    the neck, dewlap, muzzle, around the eyes, the
    neck and side of the face, back, sides, and
    tailhead
  • Transmitted from one animal to another by contact
  • Suckling calves become infested from
    lice-infested cows while feeding, so cows should
    be treated prior to calving

14
Cattle Lice Monitoring
  • Infected cattle show signs of excessive
    scratching and grooming (look for hair on barbed
    wire fences or hair loss on cattle)
  • White coats may show a dark, greasy appearance
  • Lice can be seen by making a two-handed hair part
    in good light (examine the face, dewlap, neck,
    back and tailhead)
  • More than three per square inch indicates a need
    for treatment

www.nysipm.cornell.edu
15
Cattle Lice Treatment
  • Examine 14 days after treatment to determine if a
    second treatment is necessary
  • Most insecticides are not effective against eggs
    therefore reinfestation is common
  • Prevent cold stress during the winter by treating
    on a warm day so the cattle will be dry by
    sundown
  • Insecticide dust bags used can be used for
    control of lice good for preventing a build-up
  • Reduction of heavy populations to non-economic
    levels takes 2-4 weeks
  • Ear tags are not effective
  • Examine new cattle and treat if necessary before
    adding to herd

www.nysipm.cornell.edu
16
Scabies (Mites)
  • Two body segments and 4 pairs of legs (adults) 3
    pairs (immatures)
  • Attack any part of the body, especially areas of
    thick hair
  • Lesions most commonly occur along the back and
    around the tail
  • Reproduction increases during cool weather and
    decrease during hot weather therefore symptoms
    are more evident in winter
  • The life cycle is as short as 10-12 days during
    the winter
  • Spread from animal to animal by contact
  • Causes skin irritation and itching
  • Scratching further irritates the infested area
    and causes a scab providing optimum conditions
  • Loss of hair during the winter can cause the
    animals death

17
Biting Flies
  • Cause stress and discomfort to farm and range
    cattle and result in economic losses
  • Disperse rapidly from untreated areas and infest
    cattle
  • Lead to unpredictable problems in livestock
    management
  • Can transmit diseases while feeding

18
Black Flies
  • Small (1/5 in), dark colored, with a humpbacked
    appearance
  • Only females bite
  • Some species attack birds, but most feed on
    cattle and horses
  • Immature stages are aquatic
  • Attacks usually concentrated around the ears and
    head
  • Sunny, warm days - attacks occur in mid-morning
    and in the evening, ending at dusk
  • Biting increases at the onset of storms and may
    occur all day when cloudy
  • Major pest of beef and dairy cattle in
    north-central Alberta and limit expansion of the
    industry

19
Black Flies
  • Saliva can cause many problems
  • swelling of bite
  • skin irritation
  • "black fly fever allergenic asthma, nausea and
    more systemic effects can also occur
  • Asphyxiation from inhaling too many flies
  • ? weight gain and milk production
  • No studies quantifying losses
  • Highly migratory (up to 90 miles), difficult to
    control (reinfestation)
  • Breeding sites can be treated, but hard to find
  • Relief may come from sprays for other pests
  • Some use a salve or insect spray in the ears of
    horses to provide relief to the horse for a
    period of time. 

20
Deer Fly
  • Slightly larger than house flies
  • Mostly yellow or black with darker stripes on the
    abdomen
  • Usually dark markings or patterns on the wings
  • Bright green or golden eyes with zigzag stripes
  • Confused with horse flies
  • More frequently attack humans, whereas horse
    flies usually attack livestock

21
Horse Fly
  • Considerably larger than deer flies
  • Heavy bodied, with huge heads (large eyes in
    males)
  • 3/4 inch to over an inch long
  • Smaller species - brown, black or gray, usually
    green eyes with reddish-gold bands
  • Larger species - brown to black and may be
    slightly striped
  • Usually have clear wings

22
Horn Fly
  • Adult - half the size of the common house fly and
    is more slender
  • Has piercing-sucking mouthparts
  • Brownish-gray to black body with a slight
    yellowish cast
  • A set of parallel stripes just behind the head
  • Brownish-red antennae
  • Two wings with a smoky tinge

23
Horn Fly Biology
  • Overwinter as pupae, adults emerge in spring
  • May fly distances of 5 miles to find hosts
  • Females lay eggs in fresh manure eggs hatch in
    16-24 hours larvae feed on the dung for 4-5
    days then burrow about 1.5 in into the soil or
    the manure and pupate adults emerge 5-7 days
    later
  • New generation occurs approximately every 2 weeks
    well into autumn

24
Horn Fly Injury
  • Found on those areas of the body where they are
    not likely to be disturbed (base of horns, neck,
    throat, belly, thighs, back, etc.)
  • Cause weight loss, reduced milk production, and
    reduced vitality
  • May become so annoyed that they may injure
    themselves while attempting to remove the flies
  • Infestations have been documented to be
    4,000-10,000 flies per animal in some parts of
    the country

25
Horn Fly Control
  • Adults are parasitized by certain wasps
  • Also immature stages may be fed upon by ants,
    birds and mice
  • Predators and parasitoids are not adequate
    control alone
  • Treatments usually initiated at populations of
    100 flies per head
  • Dip, spray, dust, pour-on, self application and
    ear tags are effective application methods

26
Stable Fly
  • Pale spot behind the head
  • Indistinct stripes on the thorax
  • Seven dark spots on the abdomen
  • 1/4-inch long
  • Similar in size and appearance to the house and
    face flies differences are
  • Mouthparts stick out like a bayonet from the
    front of the head
  • Has a different biting habit (lower leg)
  • Easy field identification tip is the behavior of
    biting cattle on the lower legs. Stamping of the
    feet is a sign that stable flies are feeding
    since the bite is painful

27
Stable Fly Biology
  • Both male and female stable flies feed on blood
  • Each fly feeds several times per day, taking only
    a drop or two of blood at a time
  • Often bite while cattle are in the shade around a
    building or under a tree
  • Eggs laid in decaying organic matter like wet
    straw or manure-straw mixtures larvae also
    develop in other wet, decaying plant material
    such as spilled feed, silage, and grass clippings
  • Development from egg to adult takes 3-9 weeks
    depending on weather
  • Stable flies overwinter as larvae or pupae in
    piles of larval breeding material

28
Stable Fly Contol
  • Management of waste is the first step in pest
    management. Moist manure should be removed weekly
    to disrupt the life cycle.
  • Wet straw is one of the best breeding sites
    therefore, do not allow it to accumulate use
    sawdust or shredded paper for bedding
  • Spilled feed should not be allowed accumulate and
    cleaned up every 2-3 days.
  • Traps for adult flies can be useful in programs
    if enough traps are used, they are placed
    correctly, and they are used both indoors and
    outdoors.
  • Outdoor traps they are attracted to vertical
    white panels not more than 30 inches above the
    ground with a carbon dioxide producing bait. One
    trap for every 20 to 30 feet of perimeter of fly
    breeding area. Place near building entrances, in
    alleyways, beneath trees, sleeping areas and
    manure piles.
  • Indoor traps ultraviolet light traps kills with
    an electrocuting grid or trap them inside an
    inverted cone. One trap should be used for every
    30 feet of wall.

29
Stable Fly Control
  • Biological control agents (parasitic wasps) in
    fly management programs is early in development.
    Some species have proven ineffective without
    supplemental releases there is a lag time of
    several weeks between numbers of flies and
    numbers of parasites.
  • An early-season release program can greatly
    increase the population of parasites.
  • Research suggests that weekly releases of 200
    parasites per cow can provide effective control
    (may need to be adjusted on individual farm
    basis)
  • If insecticides need to be used, select baits and
    pyrethrin space sprays to minimize effect on
    beneficiala.
  • No one method should be practice, multiple
    methods will provide better and longer lasting
    results than one alone only products that are not
    harmful to the parasites,

30
General Insecticide Info
  • Be aware there are differences in insecticide
    uses between beef cattle and dairy cattle to
    prevent residues in milk.
  • Always read and follow the label for specific
    instructions for all insecticides. Never use
    insecticide for uses other than on the label.
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