2005 was fair enough for the birds as the tank condition was better with sufficient water, and thus

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Discussion

• 2005 was fair enough for the birds as the tank
  condition was better with sufficient water, and
  thus getting back most of the birds but Kolathur
  and Singanayakanahalli lakes had fully dried up
• 59 species birds totaling to 2331 number from the
  nine lakes of North Bangalore

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Discussion

• 2006 proved much better with respect to avian
  diversity totaling to 50 species of birds with
  4533 individuals, but 3 lakes were completely dry
  
• 2007, the survey reveals that, 49 species of
  birds totaling to 1068 individuals were
  documented. Most of the lakes had little water
  except one lake (Budigere Lake) which had totally
  dried up
• 2008 proved quite better as all the sampled lakes
  had water and 1506 individuals of 44 species
  birds were documented
• Among all the lakes, Jakkur, Hesaraghatta,
  Puttenahalli, Madhurekere proved to be the haven
  for water birds
• - water level and other important components
  of the ecosystem
• were not much disturbed - harbouring many
  migrants and also providing space for many
  endangered birds (Darter) to breed

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Discussion

• 2008, there was an instance of poaching of water
  birds at Puttenahalli, 13 poachers had killed 29
  birds like little cormorants, large cormorants,
  darters, white ibis, night heron and grey heron.
  All the poachers were prosecuted by the forest
  staff and thus kept a strong vigil from thereon
  to protect the birds

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Discussion

• Spot-billed Pelicans roosting and preying is
  being observed at Hebbal Lake since a year
• But the pelican-contractor conflict arises
• Thus the contractor chases away the pelicans to
  safe guard his investment, depriving food for
  pelicans.
• These large birds depending only on fish travel
  several distance for food and shelter rarely come
  across good habitat in the urban areas

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pelican-contractor conflict
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Discussion

• Stake holders depending on the lake ecosystem
  (farmers, seasonal fishermen, and village
  residents at the vicinity, shepherds, cattle
  owners and weed collectors)
• well aware of the ecosystem value
• Resident villagers - water table around the lake
  was greatly dependent on the condition of the
  lake
• Fishermen - high values for lakes as fish was
  their main source of income
• Shepherds, cattle owners and weed collectors -
  partial source of income
• Farmers were mostly dependent on the lakes once
  upon a time for irrigating their fields, have
  shifted to other source of water due to the
  shrinking of lakes and very poor water quantity

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Discussion

• values ascribed by all stake holders were in
  terms of the ecosystem services apart from their
  livelihood, which could be quantified in terms of
  the loss incurred after the status of lakes
  deteriorated
• Unfortunately many of the lakes, though appears
  good is not qualifying in terms of the
  ecosystem services rendered due to anthropogenic
  problems such as encroachments, landscape
  transformation, alteration of the catchment area,
  pollution due to sewage inundation

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Problems

• All the major ecosystems like rivers, lakes,
  agro-ecosystems facing tremendous anthropogenic
  pressure resulting in lake ecosystem erosion
• This erosion is due to the following
  environmental problems, namely
• (a) Non-sustainable (uncontrolled and depleting
  method) harvests of living resources
• (b) Habitat destruction, transformation and
  fragmentation
• (c) Rapid Urbanization
• (d) Impacts of pollutants
• (e) Competition with colonizing, often exotic,
  invasive species

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Recommendations

• Sustainable periodical de-weeding of water
  hyacinth (only at the central portion of the
  lake) to be carried on war-footing basis in avian
  rich lakes, providing nesting grounds by
  retaining aquatic weeds at the peripheral region
  of the lake
• Constant patrolling by forest department in all
  the lakes to regulate the poaching of birds and
  provide protection. Eg Hesaraghatta,
  Puttenahalli, Madhurekere, etc
• Clear all encroachments in and around the lakes.
  Protect the lake and its vicinity from further
  encroachment by fencing

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Recommendations

• Clear the encroached areas by providing the
  alternatives and make the water draining points
  free from disturbance
• Re-trace the water draining pathways, map them
  and integrate the lost links
• Alternative measures to check the inflow of
  effluents and set up a sewage treatment plant
  after estimating the exact inflow and also
  planning for long term

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Recommendations

• Afforestation programme to be taken by planting
  native species such as Tamarind, Pongamia, Neem,
  Figs, Mango, Jamoon etc at the lake boundaries
  and also on the lost lake beds to restore
  temporary water charging areas
• Regulate boating hours and the area covered by
  the boats during monsoon and winter at all lakes
  as most of the birds breed during this season
• Respective department(s) to compensate the
  investment of the fishermen/contractor in order
  to provide food source for Pelicans, Ex, Hebbal
  Lake

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Some of the migratory and resident birds

• Bar-headed Goose (Anser indicus)
• Brahminy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea)
• Northern Shoveller (Anas clypeata)
• Northern Pintail (Anas acuta)
• Garganey (Anas querquedula)
• Common Pochard (Aythya ferina)
• Marsh Sandpiper (Tringa stagnatilis)
• Common Greenshank (Tringa nebularia)
• Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola)
• Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos)
• Darter (Anhinga melanogaster)
• Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo)
• Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis)
• Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala)
• Asian Openbill Stork (Anastomus oscitans)
• White-necked Stork (Ciconia episcopus)