Blood

1
Chapter 15

• Blood

2
Overview

• Composition of blood
• Hematopoiesis
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets
• Hemostasis
• Blood types and Rh factor

3

• Circulating Blood
• Important in maintaining homeostasis
• Classed as connective tissue
• Accounts for 8 of total body weight

4

• Functions of the Blood
• Circulating blood serves body in three ways
• Transportation
• Regulation
• Protection

5

• Transportation
• Blood
• Carries oxygen to tissues
• Carries carbon dioxide from tissues
• Transports nutrients and other substances to
  cells
• Transports waste products from cells
• Carries hormones to organs

6

• Regulation
• Blood
• Buffers keep pH of body fluids between 7.35 and
  7.45
• Substances maintain osmotic pressure to regulate
  fluid in tissues
• Transports heat to aid in regulation of body
  temperature

7

• Protection
• Blood
• Carries cells and antibodies of immune system
• Carries factors to protect against blood loss

8
Checkpoint 14-1 What are some of the substances
transported in the blood? Checkpoint 14-2 What
is the pH range of the blood?
9

• Blood Constituents
• Plasma
• Liquid portion
• Formed elements
• Erythrocytes
• Leukocytes
• Platelets (thrombocytes)

10
Composition of whole blood. Percentages show the
relative proportions of the different components
of plasma and formed elements.
11
Checkpoint 14-3 What are the two main components
of blood?
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• Blood Plasma
• Plasma is 55 of blood
• 91 water
• 8 protein
• Albumin
• Clotting factors
• Antibodies
• Complement
• 1 other materials
• Glucose
• Amino acids
• Lipids
• Electrolytes
• Vitamins
• Hormones
• Wastes
• Drugs
• Dissolved gases

13
Checkpoint 14-4 Next to water, what is the most
abundant type of substance in plasma?
14

• The Formed Elements
• Produced in red bone marrow
• Hematopoietic (blood-forming) stem cells can
  develop into any blood cell
• Short-lived tissue cells

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Hematopoiesis
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Checkpoint 14-5 Where do blood cells
form? Checkpoint 14-6 What type of cell gives
rise to all blood cells?
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• Erythrocytes
• Red blood cells (RBCs) most numerous
• Biconcave shape
• Mature cells anuclear
• Contain hemoglobin
• Binds to oxygen for transport
• Carries hydrogen ions for buffering
• Carries carbon dioxide for elimination

18
Checkpoint 14-7 Red cells are modified to carry
a maximum amount of hemoglobin. What is the main
function of hemoglobin?
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• Leukocytes
• White blood cells (WBCs) colorless, round
• Granulocytes
• Neutrophils (polymorphs)
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
• Agranulocytes
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
• Prominent nuclei
• Clear body of foreign material, cellular debris,
  pathogens

20
Phagocytosis. (A) A phagocytic leukocyte (white
blood cell) squeezes through a capillary wall in
the region of an infection and engulfs a
bacterium. (B) The bacterium is enclosed in a
vesicle and digested by a lysosome. ZOOMING IN
What type of epithelium makes up the capillary
wall?
21
Checkpoint 14-8 What are the types of granular
leukocytes? Of agranular leukocytes? Checkpoint
14-9 What is the most important function of
leukocytes?
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• Platelets
• Platelets (thrombocytes)
• Smallest formed element
• Not cellsno nuclei or DNA
• Fragments release from megakaryocytes
• Essential for blood coagulation (clotting)

23
Checkpoint 14-10 What is the function of blood
platelets?
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• Hemostasis
• Prevents blood loss when blood vessel ruptures
• Contraction of smooth muscles in blood vessel
  wall (vasoconstriction)
• Formation of platelet plug
• Formation of blood clot

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Hemostasis
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• Blood Clotting
• Final steps in clotting
• Damaged tissues release substances that form
  prothrombinase
• Prothrombinase converts prothrombin to thrombin
• Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
• Fibrin forms network of threads to form clot

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Blood coagulation A closer look
28
Checkpoint 14-11 What happens when fibrinogen
converts to fibrin?
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• Blood Types
• Blood types must be compatible for blood
  transfusion from donor to patient
• Proteins (antigens or agglutinogens) on red cells
  cause incompatibility
• A and B antigens
• Rh factor

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• The ABO Blood Type Group
• Four blood types involving A and B antigens
• A (only)
• B (only)
• AB (both antigens)
• O (neither antigen)

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• Testing for Blood Type
• Blood sera containing antibodies to A or B
  antigens (antisera) prepared
• Sera added to blood sample
• Corresponding red cells clump (agglutination)

32
Checkpoint 14-12 What are the four ABO blood
type groups?
33
Blood typing. Labels at the top of each column
denote the kind of antiserum added to the blood
samples. Anti-A serum agglutinates (causes to
clump) red cells in type A blood, but anti-B
serum does not. Anti-B serum agglutinates red
cells in type B blood, but anti-A serum does not.
Both sera agglutinate type AB blood cells, and
neither serum agglutinates type O blood. ZOOMING
IN Can you tell from these reactions whether
these cells are Rh positive or Rh negative?
34

• Blood Compatibility
• Safest transfusion is same blood type
• Type O blood can be given to any ABO type
• Type AB blood can receive any ABO type

35

• The Rh Factor
• Red cell antigen group Rh (D antigen)
• Rh-positive blood has antigen
• Rh-negative blood lacks antigen
• Rh incompatibility can lead to hemolytic disease
  of newborn (HDN)

36
Checkpoint 14-13 What are the blood antigens
most often involved in incompatibility reactions?
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ALERT!!! The Rh negative mother
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• Uses of Blood and Blood
• Components
• Blood stored in blood banks up to 35 days
• Anti-clotting solution added
• Expiration date added
• Blood donated before elective surgery (autologous
  blood)

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• Whole Blood Transfusions
• Used for loss of large volume of blood
• Massive hemorrhage from serious injuries
• During internal bleeding
• During or after an operation
• Blood replacement in treatment of HDN

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• Use of Blood Components
• Centrifuge separates plasma from formed elements
• Hemapheresiskeep desired elements and return
  remainder to donor
• Plasmapheresiskeep plasma and return formed
  elements to donor

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• Use of Plasma
• Replace blood volume
• Treat circulatory failure (shock)
• Treat plasma protein deficiency
• Replace clotting factors
• Provide needed antibodies

42
Checkpoint 14-14 How is blood commonly separated
into its component parts?
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• Blood Disorders
• Blood abnormalities
• Anemia (low level of hemoglobin or red cells)
• Leukemia (increase in white cells)
• Clotting disorders (abnormal tendency to bleed)

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• Anemia
• Anemia causes
• Excessive loss or destruction of red cells
• Chronic blood loss
• Hemolytic anemia
• Sickle cell anemia
• Impaired production of red cells or hemoglobin
• Deficiency anemia
• Bone marrow suppression

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Checkpoint 14-15 What is anemia?
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• Leukemia
• Leukemia is characterized by enormous increase
• in white cells
• Myelogenous leukemia from bone marrow
• Lymphocytic leukemia from lymphoid tissue

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Checkpoint 14-16 What is leukemia?
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• Clotting Disorders
• Abnormal bleeding through disruption of
  coagulation process
• Hemophilia
• Von Willebrand disease
• Thrombocytopenia
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

49
Checkpoint 14-17 What blood components are low
in cases of thrombocytopenia?