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MultiLevel Governance

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Title: MultiLevel Governance


1
Multi-Level Governance
  • Distribution of Authority over actors vertically
    and horizontally
  • Vertical Territorial distribution of Authority
    sub-national and supra-national
  • Horizontal NGOs, Interests Groups
    Corporations etc.
  • Originally the dispersion of authoritative
    decision-making across multiple territorial
    levels (Hooghe and Marks 2001 xi).

2
Competing Theories
  • Europeanization deepening and broadening
    European integration and its effects on national
    political systems
  • State-centrist approach
  • Intergovernmentalists national governments did
    not loose authority and determine outcomes of
    policies
  • Europeanization ? Multi-Level Governance?
  • Europeanization ? Transfer of authority from
    national government to sub-national governments?

3
Some concepts
  • Federalism
  • Ideology but federation central government
    incorporates regional units into its decision
    procedure on some constitutionally entrenched
    basis (King 1984 77)
  • Regionalism
  • Institutionally between unitary and federal
    system
  • Decentralisation
  • Process transfer of authority from higher
    government levels to lower government levels
  • Institutionalized comparatively speaking, lower
    governmental levels are more authoritative
    vis-à-vis higher governmental levels
  • Devolution
  • Same as decentralisation but instead transfer of
    authority to a newly established governmental
    tier
  • Deconcentration
  • No authority (decision-making) is being
    transferred but only the actual provision is
    delegated to sub-national field offices

4
Federative arrangementsEvolving complexity in
sub-national and supra-national governmental
relationships
Adapted from Elazar 1991 xvi and 398
5
Evolving complexity in sub-national authority
arrangements
  • Some examples from simple to complex federative
    arrangements (power sharing)
  • Austria, Denmark, Serbia and Montenegro, Bosnia
    and Herzegovina
  • Asymmetry units of the same governmental tier
    equal powers but except for .
  • Belgium, Spain

6
Central government
Power sharing
Lander
Austria
Individual
7
Central government
Power sharing
Power sharing
Greenland
Faroer Islands
Amter
Individual
Individual
Individual
Denmark
8
Central government
Power sharing
Serbia
Montenegro
Power sharing
Okruzi
Kosovo
Vojvodina
Individual
Serbia Montenegro
Individual
Individual
Individual
9
Central government
Power sharing
Federacija Bosne
Republika Sprska
Power sharing
Canton 1
Canton 2
Canton 10
Power sharing
Individual
Individual
Brcko district
Bosnia Herzegovina
Individual
10
Asymmetry in Belgium
  • 3 Regios / Regions
  • Brussels Flanders Walloon
  • Authority over transport, planning and economical
    policies
  • 3 Gemeenschappen / Communities
  • Flemish French German
  • Authority over cultural, language and educational
    policies
  • Asymmetry
  • German community has no own regional government
  • German community has some policies which are
    otherwise under a regional government
  • Flemish community and region are institutionally
    merged

11
Asymmetry in Spain
  • Over Time fast track versus slow track
    autonomas comunidades
  • Fast track regions quicker more autonomy
  • Cross-sectional historical versus normal
    autonomas comunidades
  • Basque country and Navarre have more tax
    authority
  • Historical regions have authority over more
    policies such as labour market policies, health,
    and education

12
Increasing complexity needs more sophisticated
measurement
13
Regional Authority Index 0 30
Self-rule 0 20
Shared-rule 0 10
Self-rule
Tax autonomy 0 8

Institutional depth 0 4
Policy scope 0 4
Representation 0 4
Shared-rule
Constitutional change 0 4
Executive policy 0 2
Taxation 0 2
Legislation 0 2
14
Development of Regional Authority in 42
Democracies for 1950-2006
15
Hypotheses for increasing Regional Authority
  • Functional
  • Population size larger countries need regional
    governments
  • Growth government policy portfolio, especially
    welfare state policies
  • Identity
  • Ethnic groups require decentralised policy
    provision
  • Regional parties with a specific autonomy demand
  • Democracy
  • More self-rule demand inherent with
    democratization
  • Openness system give input for heterogeneous
    demands
  • European integration
  • Mobilizes sub-national governments (via
    subsidies) and the national government is bypassed

16
Functional Relationship between Regional
Authority and Population Size
17
Functional Relationship between Regional
Authority and Government Personnel
18
Identity Relationship between Regional Party
Strength and Population Size in
West and
East
19
Democracy Relationship between Regional
Authority and the Longevity of the Democratic
Regime
20
EU integration Relationship between Regional
Authority and the number of years being member of
the European Union
21
Multi-Variate Regression AnalysisN 1583 (42
countries) R2adj. 0.63
p lt 0.01 n.s. not significant
22
Multi-Variate Regression Analysis Interpretation
P.s. This analysis is nonsense as I did not
correct for autocorrelation (time dependency due
to time series) and I did not correct for
heteroscedacity (accounting for country
differences). In real scientific life I use
PCSE.
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