Review Questions Ch. 4

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Review Questions Ch. 4
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Review Answers

• 1. Long, complex organic compounds formed when
  amino acids are combined with one another into
  polymers. Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
  nitrogen, sulphur, and sometimes phosphorus and
  iron.
• 2. Leaves, petioles, and seeds.
• 3. Simple forms of amino acids, not as complex
  as proteins.

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Review Answers

• 4- All the nitrogenous compounds found in a
  feed.
• 5- All nitrogenous compounds found in a feed.
  Includes protein and nonprotein nitrogen. Found
  by the amount of nitrogen content and multiplying
  by 6.25. The feed is treated chemically, causing
  it to release ammonia. The ammonia is titrated
  to determine the percent of nitrogen it contains.

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Review Answers

• 6- Approximate amount of protein available for
  use by the animal.
• 7- Ruminants utilize both protein and NPN
  through microbial action in the rumen.
  Nonruminant animals cannot use the amides NPN as
  a substitute for the essential amino acids.
• 8- Organic acids containing one or more
  alph-amino groups.

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Review Answers

• 9- Essential amino acids are those which must be
  provided in the ration of nonruminant animals
  cannot synthesize them fast enough. Nonessential
  amino acids are needed by animals but are
  synthesized in the body from other amino acids.
• 10- High quality good balance of amino acids.
  Poor quality deficient in amount or balance of
  amino acids.

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Review Answers

• 13- Important for muscles, cartilage, ligaments,
  nerves, brain, blood cells, internal organs,
  skin, hair, wool, feathers, hooves, horns and
  bones. Needed for maintenance, finishing, work,
  and wool production.
• 14- Young animals, and during gestation and
  lactation.

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Review Answers

• 15- Depressed performance, higher production
  costs. Reserve from blood and liver, in cattle,
  are used up quickly. Reduced feed intake, poor
  muscular development, loss of weight, reduced
  fertility in females.
• 17- Protein is usually high in energy, but is to
  expensive to feed exclusively as an energy feed.
• 18- Improperly handling, low moisture, improper
  storage.

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Review Answers

• 21- Direct cut grass silages, sorghum silages,
  and high moisture corn.
• 23- Determined by comparing the excreted protein
  in the feces and urine with the protein intake in
  the diet. In general, animal protein feeds have
  a higher biological value than plant proteins
  because they contain a better balance of amino
  acids.

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Review Answers

• 24- Feeds high in amino acids, generally over 20
  percent crude protein.
• 25- Animal origin and plant origin.
• 26- Soybean meal. Most economical, high protein
  content.
• 29- 37-38 protein and 17-18 fat. Soybeans
  should be limited to not more than 20. Soybean
  meal can be as high as 44.
• 31- Because the rumens have microbes that break
  the urea down and the nonruminants do not.

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Review Answers

• 34- Urea is not toxic, however, ammonia is
  released by microbe activity in the rumen and may
  be toxic if more ammonia is released than can be
  completely utilized by the microbes.
• 37- Legumes contain more protein than grasses.
  Both are lower in protein than the oil meals.
  Forages harvested in the early stages of growth
  have a higher protein level than more mature
  forages.

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Review Answers

• 38- Grains vary widely in protein level and are
  not fed primarily for their protein content but
  as an energy source.

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Livestock Nutrition Chapter 5

• Minerals

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Objectives

• Describe minerals used in animal nutrition.
• List sources of minerals for animal feeding.
• Describe the functions of minerals in animal
  nutrition.
• Describe the deficiency symptoms caused by a lack
  of minerals in the ration.
• Discuss the requirements for minerals in the
  ration.

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Minerals Defined

• Minerals are inorganic, low or no Carbon.
• Two groups, major or macro and trace or micro.
• Major include sodium, chlorine, calcium,
  phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and sulphur.
• Trace include chromium, cobalt, coper, fluorine,
  iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium,
  silicon, and zinc.

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Functions of Minerals

• Mineral content of animal bodies range from 2 to
  5.
• Provide material for growth of bones, teeth and
  soft tissues.
• Regulate vital chemical processes, aid in
  muscular stimulation and activity, reproduction,
  digestion of feed, repair of body tissue,
  formation of new tissue.

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Functions of Minerals

• Bones contain 25 minerals, Ca, 36, P 17, Mg
  .8.
• Minerals also affect nerve irritability.
• Ca and P are essential for production of eggs.

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Deficiency symptoms

• Most ration deficiencies come from soil
  deficiencies.
• Mineral deficiency may also result because of
  poor utilization by the animal.
• Interrelationships between vitamins and other
  minerals, water.

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Sources of Minerals

• Commercial feeds such as protein supplements or
  mineral premixes usually contain both major and
  trace minerals.
• Feed tags will show min and max amounts of major
  and micro minerals.
• Sodium and chloride are guaranteed as the
  compound salt.
• Calcium and phosphorus are usually supplied in
  commercial feeds by adding monocalcium phosphate,
  dicalcum phosphate.

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Minerals in the Ration

• Minerals are usually added to the ration either
  by feeding them free choice or including them in
  the mixed ration.
• Trace minerals can be deficient because of the
  soil in the area where the feed is grown.
• Feeding or roughages or concentrate rations only
  can result in trace deficiencies.

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Minerals in the Ration

• NaCl, Ca and P are the minerals most likely to be
  need in the ration.
• 70 of the mineral content of an animals body is
  Ca and P.
• When livestock are on pasture or are not being
  fed a concentrate feed, then minerals must be
  supplied free choice.
• Animals do not do a good job of balancing their
  mineral needs when given a free choice of several
  minerals.

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Calcium

• Bones and teeth, 99.
• Milk and eggs.
• Most important to lactating animals.
• Important for muscle and nerve development.
• Maintaining the acid-base balance of the body
  fluids.

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Calcium Deficiency symptoms

• Abnormal and weak bone growth.
• Young can develop rickets.
• Without Ca, the joints of young animals become
  enlarged, bones weak, soft and deformed. Animals
  are stiff with arching backs.
• Older animals develop stiffs or osteoporosis.
• Ca deficiency in older pregnant animals manifest
  itself as paralysis of the hindquarters.

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Calcium Interrelationships

• CaP, 11 to 21, excess Ca will result in poor
  utilization of other minerals.
• An excess of P decreases the absorption of Ca.
• An excess of Mg decreases the absorption of
  Ca.Deficiency of vitamin D prevents the proper
  utilization of Ca.
• Toxicity may occur, result in kidney stones.

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Ca Sources

• Grains, byproducts, straw, dried mature grasses
  and protein supplements from plant sources
  contain the least amount of Ca.
• Legume forages and animal-origin protein
  supplements are the highest in Ca content.
• Rations high in grain need a higher level of Ca
  supplementation, while legume forage rations need
  little or no added Ca.
• Ca supplements are derived from two basic groups,
  Ca phosphates and CaCo3.

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Ca Sources

• CaCo3 materials have about 35-40 Ca.
• Ca phosphate materials contain 30 Ca and 14-20
  P.
• Ca phosphates are usually more expensive.

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P Major Functions

• 80 of the P in the body is found in the bones
  and teeth.
• Affects appetite, milk and egg production,
  reproduction and conversion of carotene to
  vitamin A and utilization of Vit. D.

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P Interrelationships

• Excessive amounts of Ca and Mg in the diet
  reduces P absorption.

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P Sources

• Wheat bran, wheat middlings, cottonseed meal,
  linseed meal, meat scraps, tankage, fish meal and
  dried skim milk.
• Legume and grass feeds grown in fertile soils are
  good sources of P.
• Adequate Vit D levels improves the assimilation
  of P.
• Cattle utilize 60 and swine 50 of the P from
  plant sources.
• Fertilizer superphosphate should not be used.

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Ca P Ratio

• The optimum ration varies with specie, type of
  feed and the Vit D level.
• The ratio is not as important with adequate Vit D
  is present.
• Nonruminant ratios 11 to 21
• Ruminant ratios 11 to 71.

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NaCl Functions

• Cattle, sheep and horses usually require more
  NaCl because of the high levels of forages in
  their diets.
• Most grains and forages produced on non-irrigated
  soils are low in Na and Cl.
• Important for maintaining osmotic pressure in the
  body cells.
• Na the major mineral responsible for maintaining
  a neutral pH level in the body tissues.
• Cl is essential for the formation of hydrochloric
  acid in digestive juices. Both minerals affect
  muscle and nerve activity.

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NaCl Deficiency

• If temporarily deprived of NaCl they may develop
  an abnormal appetite for dirt, manure or urine.
• No specific symptoms of NaCl deficiency, general
  unthrifty appearance, slow growth rough hair coat
  and poor performance.
• Delayed reproduction, infertility and delayed
  sexual maturity.

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NaCl Ration Requirements

• NaCl may be mixed at a level of .25 to .50 and
  or fed free choice.
• During lactation period, include salt at about
  one percent of the ration for cattle, sheep and
  horses.

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NaCl Sources

• Fed as block, loose or in the mineral mix.
• Use salt as a carrier for trace minerals because
  of the improved palatability of mix.
• NaCl fed to cattle on pasture often has organic
  iodine added to prevent foot rot and Mg oxide
  added to prevent grass tetany.
• A 20 to 50 of the overall mineral mix in either
  plain or trace-mineralized form.

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NaCl Toxicity

• Very seldom happens unless animal is restricted
  in their access to water.
• Ruminants have been found to have levels as high
  as 15with no toxicity resulting.
• Nonruminants are subject when dietary levels are
  above 8.
• Symptoms include staggering, blindness, nervous
  disorder and hypertension.

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K Functions

• Affects osmotic pressure and acid-base balance,
  muscle activity and the digestion of
  carbohydrates.
• Most rations contain enough K, therefore it is
  seldom added to a ration.

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K Sources

• Forages are high in K, 3-4.
• Grains and concentrates .3-.7.
• Animals need less than 1 K.
• Cattle and sheep on high concentrate diets may
  require supplements.

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K Deficiency Symptoms

• Symptoms are not specific.
• Include poor appetite, lower feed efficiency,
  slow growth, emaciation, stiffness, diarrhea and
  decreased milk production.

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K Excess in Diet

• Poor assimilation of Ca and Mg.
• High K intake will result in increased urine
  output.
• Toxic levels will result in diarrhea, tremors and
  heart failure.
• In soils high in K producing forage low in Mg and
  Ca. If this forage is the main diet, the low Mg
  causes grass tetany.

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Mg Functions

• Activates several enzyme systems, proper
  maintenance of nervous system, carbohydrate
  digestion and the utilization of P, Zn, and
  nitrates.
• Necessary for normal skeletal development.

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Mg Deficiency Symptoms

• Low level result in decreased utilization of P,
  cause vasodilation.
• Acute Mg deficiency results in grass tetany.
• Levels lower than .001 in the blood.
• The animals become nervous, stagger and fall
  down.
• Cattle and sheep grazing on grass pasture, small
  grains, on highly fertilized fescue in late
  winter or early spring.

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Mg Interrelationships

• Adding Mg causes Zn deficiency.
• To much Mg in the ration interferes with
  metabolism of P and Ca.

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Mg Sources

• If diet is low in Mg, the bones will provide its
  reserve.
• A little more than one ounce of Mg per head per
  day for cattle is enough.