Lighting Fundamentals

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Lighting Fundamentals New Technologies
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Brief History of Early Commercial/Industrial
Lighting

• Pre-electric Dominated by daylighting
  supplemented with combustion (open fire, oil
  lamps) sources.
• Prior to mercury vapor and fluorescent,
  incandescent was the only practical artificial
  light source.
• Difficult to illuminate industrial spaces with
  incandescent, so architectural daylighting
  remained prominent.
• Similar techniques as seen today- window walls,
  skylights, monitors, clearstories.
• Glazing materials were unsophisticated heat
  gain/loss and glare were significant problems.

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Lighting Timeline

• 70,000 B.C. Rock and Animal Fat Lamp
• 700 B.C. TerraCotta Oil Lamp
• 1700 Glass Chimney Lamp Whale Oil, Sesame
  Oil, Beeswax, Olive Oil
• 1792 Coal Gas Lamp
• 1859 Kerosene Lamp
• 1870 Joseph Swan Thomas Edison Each Claim
  Invention of Electric Lighting
• 1879 Thomas Edison Produces First Commercially
  Viable Incandescent Lamp
• 1927 Fluorescent Lamp Developed
• Used in Maine until 1974

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1940s Box Factory

• Daylight as Primary Light Source
• Incandescent as Supplemental Source
• Machinery Located at Windows
• Majority of Work Performed on Day Shift

Photo US Library of Congress
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Part 1 Lighting for Human
Performance

• Why is lighting important
• Elements of good lighting
• Illumination level
• Brightness
• Color temperature and color rendering
• Glare and other visual comfort issues

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Affected by lighting quality

• 1 Visual comfort
• 2 Productivity
• 3 Safety/security
• 4 Energy efficiency
• 5 Environmental concerns

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1. Visual comfort - footcandles (Fc)

• Review (con.) avg recommended
  maintained Fc
• Auditorium (assembly) 10 - 20
• Classrooms/Lecture Rooms
• Regular desk work, study halls 35-50
• Lecture rooms 30
• Chalk/marker boards, demonstration areas 50 -
  100
• Corridors, Lobbies and Stairways 10 - 20
• Food Service Facilities
• Food preparation task areas 50 - 75
• Gymnasiums
• General 30
• Competition and events 50 - 75

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1. Visual comfort - footcandles (Fc)

• Review (con.)
• Libraries 30 - 50
• Lounge and Waiting Areas 10 - 20
• Offices
• Regular office work 30 - 50
• Computer use 20 - 30
• Accounting, bookkeeping 50 - 75
• Conference areas 20 - 30
• Rest Rooms 10 - 30
• Shop Areas
• Rough to medium bench/machine work 30 - 75
• Storage Areas 10 30
• Providing high quality lighting allows the use of
  the
• lower end of the acceptable Illuminance Ranges

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1. Visual comfort - Color Temperature (CCT)

• Why its called color temperature? If iron were
  heated to various temperatures it would produce
  the following appearances
• 900o K (1,160o F) dull red
• 1,360o K (2,000o F) bright red
• 3,000o K (4,846o F) yellow-white
• 6,000o K (10,341o F) white
• 8,500o K (14,841oF) northern blue sky

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1. Visual comfort - Color Temperature (CCT)

• Lower Color Temperature
• Warmer
• More red
• Higher Color Temperature
• Cooler
• More Blue

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1. Visual comfort - Color Rendering Index
(CRI)

• The term Color Rendering describes the ability of
  an artificial light source to render colors
  accurately (as rendered by sunlight).
• The Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a rating from
  1 to 100 that quantifies the effect that a light
  source has on colors (100 being the best).

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1. Visual comfort - Summary CRI CCT

• CRI CCT (oK)
• Natural daylight 100 5000 - 8500
• Mercury vapor 20 - 50 4000 - 6000
• Metal halide 65 - 90 2900 - 5400
• Fluorescent 50 - 90 2700 - 5000
• Incandescent 90-100 2500 - 3000
• Color improved HPS 65 - 80 2200 - 2700
• Low pressure sodium 20 2000

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1. Visual comfort - Summary CRI
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2. Productivity

• Growing body of evidence on the relationship
  between productivity in the workplace and various
  features of lighting
• e.g. Heschone Mahone Group studies on
  daylighting
• Retail sales in daylit stores up to 40 higher
  that in similar non-daylit stores
• School students progress 20 faster
• math tests and 26 faster in reading
• daylight classrooms
• Database of evidence at
• www.betterbricks.com

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4. Energy efficiency
b. Efficiently produce and deliver light use
efficient equipment Efficacy lumens
per watt
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Install efficient fixtures

• Recessed Troffers 60 - 85 Overall Efficiency
• Recessed Parabolic 45 - 75 Overall Efficiency
• Recessed Indirect 50 - 80 Overall Efficiency
• Pendant Indirect D/I 70 - 95 Overall
  Efficiency
• Recessed CFL 35 - 65 Overall Efficiency

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4. Energy efficiency

• c. Automatically control lighting operation
• use lighting only when needed.

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Part 2 New technologies

• Dimming compact fluorescent
• Fluorescent lighting
• Hi and low lumen ballasts
• Super T8
• T5
• Dimming fluorescent
• High efficiency fixtures
• Indirect lighting
• Advanced Fixture Designs

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New Technologies (con.)

• Fluorescent replacement for HID
• Induction lighting
• LED lighting
• In exit signs
• In display lighting
• Lighting in the future

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New Technologies (con.)

• Controls
• Occupancy
• Daylighting
• PC controlled
• Demand reduction
• Addressable ballasts

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b. Fluorescent Lighting Super T8 system

• Improved T-8 lamp (more efficient phosphors)
• Well-matched, program-start ballast
• Together, improve performance
• Claims extends lamp life up to 30,000 hours
• Reduced lumen depreciation
• Claims improves system efficacy up to 20
• Lamp warrantee (by some)
• Adds to system cost (1.5 to 2 times the cost of
  typical instant-start ballast and T-8 lamp)

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b. Fluorescent Lighting Super T8 lamps

• Super T8 lamps
• No standard industry definition yet. Typically
• CRI - 86
• Initial Lu - 3,100
• Efficacy - 90 MLPW
• Most require the customer to purchase a
  particular lamp (Super T8) and ballast
  (program start) system

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b. Fluorescent Lighting Super T8 lamps
Super T8 lamps
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b. Fluorescent Lighting Super T8 system

• Example T8 vs. Super T8
• System savings
• KW Cost/kWh time
• (112-89) X 12? X 8,760 24.18 saved
• 1,000
• System cost 10 to 15 materials
• cost (lamps 75 over T8 800 series
• ballast 6.00)
• System payback
• 51.75 / 24.18 2.1 years
• Lit continually 12? per kWh

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b. T5 fluorescent

• 1. Lamp characteristics
• The T represents lamp
• shapetubular.
• The number following represents lamp diameter in
  eighths of an inch. A T5 has a diameter of 5/8.
• A T5 has miniature bi-pin bases while T8 and T12
  lamps use medium bi-pin bases.

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b. T5 fluorescent
Does a T5 give as much light as a T8?
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b. T5 fluorescent

• Are T-5 fluorescent lamps more energy-efficient
  than T-8 fluorescent lamps?

• Ambient temperature significantly affects lamp
  light output.
• T5 lamps are more efficient than T8 lamps at
  35?C (95 ?F), but
• identical at 25?C (77 ?F).
• T5HO efficacy is higher than T8 but
• lower than standard T5 lamps at
• 35?C(95?F) and lowest at 25?C
• (77 ?F).

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b. T5 fluorescent

• What are advantages of T5 systems?

• Slimmer lamp diameter allows for smaller
  fixtures, higher design
• flexibility, and higher optical efficiency and
  flexibility.
• Higher light output of T5HO allows reduced number
  of fixtures
• per project.
• As lamps per fixtures decreases, light control
  becomes more
• efficient and flexible.

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b. T5 fluorescent

• What are disadvantages of T5? GLARE

To reduce glare, manufacturers Mainly design
indirect and direct/indirect fixtures.
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b. T5 fluorescent

• 3. Economic issues
• How do T5 lamps cost compared to T8?
• The price of T5 lamps is still two to three times
  (or more) higher than T8. A T5HO lamp costs 8,
  and a T8 lamp costs 2.50 in Troy New York.
• T5 fixtures cost about 20 more than T8 fixtures.
  The prices of popular T5 and T8 fixtures are
  similar150-300 and 120-300 per 4-foot
  respectively.
• To some extent, this price difference can be
  balanced by reducing number of lamps per fixtures
  and number of fixtures per room.
• With increasing sales and competition the prices
  are likely to drop in a few years.

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b. T5 fluorescent Fixtures
Low-glare lighting Pendant mounted indirect
electric lighting where ceiling heights allow.
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Advanced Recessed Fluorescent
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Advanced Recessed Fluorescent
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b. Dimming fluorescent ballasts
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b. Dimming fluorescent ballasts

• Fluorescent dimming methods
• a. Analog dimming ballast.
• Photo sensor varies the voltage connected to the
  input of the ballast
• Doesn't provide feedback on its operation
• Dimming range from 1 to 100
• b. Digital dimming ballasts. DALI Digital
  addressable lighting interface
• Photo sensor sends digitally-encoded pulse
  signals to a microchip within the ballast
• Provides communication between controller and a
  individual ballast.
• Dimming range from 1 to 100

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c. Fluorescent replacements to HID
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c. Fluorescent replacements to HID

• Review
• HID Issues
• Warm up and restrike
• Color rendering
• Efficacy
• Life

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c. Fluorescent replacements to HID

• T-5 lighting
• Also developed in Europe available only in
  metric sizes
• Designed to operate on electronic
• ballasts
• Efficacy similar to T-8
• Improved optical control over T-8
• Available in standard and
• H.O. versions
• Adaptable for high-bay
• and low-bay lighting

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c. Fluorescent replacements to HID

• Compact Fluorescent high and low-bay fixtures
• Improved lumen maintenance over metal halide
• Designed to operate on electronic ballasts
• Reduced glare
• Improved vertical
• illumination
• Improved on/off controllability
• Adaptable for multi-level
• lighting

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c. Fluorescent replacements to HID

• T-5 Fluorescent high and low-bay fixtures
• Improved lumen maintenance over metal halide and
  compact fluorescent
• Lamp life equal to metal halide and longer than
  compact fluorescent
• Designed to operate on electronic ballasts
• Reduced glare
• Improved vertical illumination
• Improved on/off controllability
• Adaptable for multi-level lighting

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d. Induction lighting

• Philips QL Lamp
• Three parts to the system
• high frequency generator (2.65mhz)
• power coupler
• discharge vessel (lamp)
• No electrode
• instant starting
• 60,000 to 100,000 hours average life
• 65 - 70 lumens/watt
• 85 CRI
• 3000oK or 4100oK

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d. Induction lighting

• Sylvanias Icetron
• 100,000 hours average rated life
• Instant on, instant restrike
• Low starting temperature (-40 degrees F/C)
• Consistent and uniform lamp color
• System warranty, 5 years lamps ballast

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d. Induction lighting

• Typical Applications
• Cold environments where other fluorescent systems
  are not appropriate
• High ceiling applications where lamp replacement
  is difficult
• 24/7 operations where maintainability is critical
  for safety or practical reasons

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e. LED lighting

• Exit signs
• Display lighting

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e. White LEDs

• Not ready for prime time
• Wide manufacturing tolerances for color
  temperature and intensity
• Low light output per unit
• Low efficacy, under 15 - 24 lm/W
• Poor lumen maintenance
• VERY expensive

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g. Lighting Controls

• Why use controls?
• Energy and cost savings
• much lighting is unneeded
• extended socket life
• Security
• manual switches
• motion detection
• Quality lighting
• matching light level to task
• comfort

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g. Lighting Controls

• Occupancy sensor types Typical Energy Savings
  () from Occ. Sensors
• Infrared
• Ultrasonic
• Dual technology
• Infrared Ultrasonic
• Occupancy sensor
• Photocell control
• Infrared Sound activated
• Adaptive adjustment
• All types are adjustable for sensitivity and time
  delay.

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ApplicationsOffice/classroom lighting

• Fluorescent T8, T5
• Recessed Parabolic and Direct/Indirect
• Surface-Mounted Fixtures
• Fluorescent Wall-Washing Fixtures
• Pendant Direct/Indirect
• Pendant Fully Indirect
• Controls
• Occupancy

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Applications Outside lighting
Light pollution
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Applications Outside lighting

• Pulse Start Metal Halide
• High Pressure Sodium
• Full Cut-Off Fixtures
• Eliminates All Stray Light Pollution
• Provides Effective Light Where Needed
• LED
• Control
• Photocell
• Scheduling

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Daylighting
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Advantages of Daylighting

• Improved Productivity What the Studies Reveal
• Work performed under controlled, comfortable,
  natural daylight enhances worker comfort,
  productivity, and accuracy.
• Recent studies, including those performed by the
  Heschong Mahone Group on both worker and student
  performance in various environments, support this
  theory.
• Additional studies provide evidence that retail
  sales improve under daylit conditions.
• Many types of daylighting designs connect the
  workers with the outside world, reducing or
  eliminating the feeling of being trapped in an
  artificial environment while at work.

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• Questions?