DNA strand: GGCTACGACCTCTGGAATGCCTCGTAACTGATCCGA

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DNA strand GGCTACGACCTCTGGAATGCCTCGTAACTGATCCGA
A
G
A
T
A
mRNA strand CCGAUGCUGGAGACCUUACGGAGCAUUGACUAGGCU
U
C
U
Trp
Polypeptide product Met-Leu-Glu-Thr-Leu-Arg-Ser-
Ile-Asp
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DNA strand
GGCT_CGACCTCTGGAATGCCTGGTAACTGTATCCGA
GGCTACCGACCTCTGGAATGCCTGGTAACTGTATCCGA
CCGA_GCUGGAGACCUUACGGACCAUUGACAUAGGCU
mRNA strand
Met-Leu-Glu-Thr-Leu-Arg-Ser-Ile-Asp
Polypeptide product
Met-Ala-Gly-Asp-Leu-Thr-Asp-His-
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Tautomeric Shifts
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Mutation vs. Lesion
Lesion chemical alteration to the current DNA
strand Ex Depurination nitrogenous base (A or
G) is removed from the sugar of the nucleotide.
Mutation heritable change in the nucleotide
sequence After depurination, during replication,
enzymes add Adenine as a compliment to the
depurinated nucleotide. Was this the original
compliment?
Deamination C to U Was CG Now UG After
Replication TA and CG
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Induced Mutations Base Analogs mimic nitrogenous
bases
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Chemicals that alter bases and their pairing
Alkylating (PAH), Deaminating, Hydroxylating,
Oxidation
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Intercalating Agents
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Biopedia.org
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Griffiths et al., 2008
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Giemsa Stain G Bands
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Klug et al., 2008
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Klug et al., 2008
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Aneuploidy
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Nondisjunction
2 copies of each allele in gametes diploid (2n)
Meiosis II
Autopolyploidy mechanism meiotic failure,
pre-fertilization
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Haploid gamete (n)
Diploid zygote (2n)
Triploid zygote (3n)
Autopolyploidy mechanism double fertilization
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Tetraploid zygote (4n)
Normal diploid zygote (2n)
Haploid gamete (n)
Autopolyploidy mechanism mitotic failure,
post-fertilization
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Diploid gamete resulting from non-disjunction
during meiosis
Diploid gamete resulting from non-disjunction
during meiosis
Allopolyploidy mechanism

Union of diploid gametes (from
non-disjunction, pre-fertilization)
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1A
1B
2A
2B
Allopolyploidy mechanism Endoploidy,
post-fertilization
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