Objectives

1
Objectives

• To discuss
• purposes of environmental indicators
• and
• selection criteria for indicator selection
• for the
• Environmental Information and Reporting system
  for Vietnam

2
Methods and means

• Presentation of Purpose of environmental
  indicators and indicator selection criteria
• Group discussion on indicator selection criteria
• Presentation of the preliminary 1st draft list of
  indicators
• Group work on the preliminary 1st draft list of
  indicators for air, water resources and marine
  and coastal waters

3
Material and hand-outs

• Copy of presentations in Vietnamese and English
• Report on preliminary 1st draft list of
  indicators
• Questionnaire to be returned at end of the day
• Questions to be discussed during the group work
• Distribution of participants for the group work
  into three groups on air, water resources and
  marine and coastal waters

4
Indicators in environmental management

• Information
• Informing politicians, policy makers, public
• Policy making
• Setting objectives and targets
• Strategy follow-up
• Design, implement, evaluate policies
• Awareness raising
• Communication, campaigns, behavioural change

5
Indicators in environmental managementInformat
ion

• Informing politicians - answer to policy
  questions
• Policy question how is the problem developing?
  what is the progress towards targets set in
  related policies?
• Informing policy makers - progress, early warning
• Progress towards targets progress of policy
  implementation new policy development
  identification of emerging issues in due time
• Informing the public - securing access to
  environmental information
• Awareness raising public participation

6
Indicators in environmental management Policy
making

• Setting environmental objectives
• Overall objectives for the environmental policy,
  and for specific policy areas (air, water, etc.)
  should be accompanied by indicators to enable
  policy evaluation
• Follow-up on strategies
• Environmental strategies should be accompanied by
  indicators to enable policy evaluation
• Design, implement, evaluate policies
• Indicators can assist the policy design
  indicators are required to follow the
  implementation indicators are required to
  evaluate policies indicators may show efficiency
  of environmental policies

7
Indicators in environmental management
Awareness raising

• Communication
• Simplicity clarity easy to understand cause and
  effect relationship
• Campaigns
• Illustrations behavioural changes
• Public participation
• Information need to enable the participation
  indicators for public participation (response
  indicator)

8
Indicator types

• Descriptive indicators
• Performance indicators/normative indicators
• Efficiency indicators
• Response indicators
• Total welfare indicators
• Headline indicators

9
Descriptive indicatorHow is the environmental
pressure from traffic developing?
10
Performance/Normative indicatorDoes water
quality in major rivers comply with the
standards?
11
Efficiency indicator - de-coupling indicatorIs
the environmental pressure decreasing while
economy grows?
12
Response indicatorIs the environmental
management fullfilling the expectations?

• Extent of introduction of cleaner technologies
  compared with goals
• Extent of introduction of waste water treatment
  compared with goals
• Implementation of Decrees (e.g. Decree no. 67)
• Implementation of Integrated management
  strategies for environmental management according
  to plans (IWRM, ICZM etc.)

13
Headline indicatorProgress in environmental
policies, key factors determining the
environmental state, progress towards sustainable
development
14
Total welfare indicatorsPerformance,
sustainability, aggregated indices
15
Indicator purpose and use

• How is the problem developing? - descriptive
  indicators
• How is progress towards targets - performance
  indicators (distance to targets, fulfilment of
  set goals and agreements)
• Progress of policy implementation - response
  indicators
• Efficiency of policies - efficiency indicators,
  comparisons and benchmarking

16
Indicator purpose and use

• Overall planning and outlook - relations between
  economic development and environmental management
  - decoupling indicators, indices e.g. welfare
  indices, overall performance indices
• Awareness raising - headline indicators, about
  10-20, covering all three sustainability
  dimensions

17
Indicator development

• Define the most important problems
• Identify the primary purpose of the information
• Use the DPSIR framework to identify the most
  strategic indicators to serve the purpose
• Select indicator
• Short-term vs. long-term development

18
Indicator selection criteria

• Policy relevance
• Showing progress towards a target
• Temporal and spatial coverage
• Relevance at provincial level
• Enabling comparisons, benchmarking
• Understandable and simple
• Conceptually and methodologically well founded
• Well documented and of known quality
• Data availability

19
Policy relevance

• Relevance - will it answer the question - is
  there a policy question about this?
• Policy question how is the problem developing?
  what is the progress towards targets set in
  related policies?
• Will it assist evaluation of strategies, policies
  etc. in the future?

20
Progress towards target

• Indicators relating to specific goals or targets
  should be selected whenever possible
• Direct follow-up of the targets, which is needed
• Policy relevant
• Indisputable, that the indicator is relevant and
  needed

21
Relevance at provincial level

• Problems of concern for the particular province
• Reflect the appropriate parameter at provincial
  level
• Enabling comparisons between provinces

22
Comparison, benchmarking

• Comparison between selected provinces
• Contribution to quantification of national
  indicator
• Policy effectiveness information
• Benchmarking - learning from comparisons,
  learning from other similar areas

23
Temporal and spatial coverage

• Issues to be considered
• Indicators showing time series trends
• Length and relevance of time series
• National coverage
• Coverage for many/relevant provinces

24
Understandable and simple

• Simplicity from the point of view of the reader
• Simple to create, estimate, calculate
• Cause - effect relation understandable - why
  this indicator was selected should be obvious

25
Conceptually, methodologically well founded

• Consistency - co-variation in underlying data
  and in the indicator
• Reactivity - indicator must be sensitive to the
  development it is imaging

26
Documented, known quality

• Accuracy- transparent and well documented how to
  create the indicator
• Continuity - indicators need to be regularly
  updated, procedure needed - development and
  updating of indicator factsheet
• Data quality should be known, assessed and
  described

27
Data availability

• Data availability at present
• Feasibility with respect to data collection,
  technically and financially
• Short-term vs. long-term

28
Draft list of indicators

• Air pollution
• Water resources
• Coastal and marine resources

29
General driving forces

• Development in total population
• Development in population growth

30
AIR

• Driving forces
• The general
• development in population
• Relevant sectors
• Transport
• Industry
• Service
• Households
• Energy

Pressures Emission of pollutants NO, NO2, SO2,
NH4, Particles (PM10), NMVOC, Lead, CH4, CO,
dioxin
State of the Environment Air quality in urban
areas NO, NO2, SO2, Particles (PM10), O3, Lead,
CO, dioxin etc. Pollution of food grown in
urban areas
Impacts Ecosystems in urban areas parks etc.
Agriculture in vicinity of pollution
sources Human health e.g. respiratory diseases
and disorders, cancer, nervous system diseases,
excess premature mortality

• Responses
• Mitigating actions
• Environmental policies to reach environmental
  state objectives (e.g. standards and criteria to
  regulate the pressures)
• Sector policies (limits and control on sector
  development to reduce/change the activities or
  the pressures these activities produce)
• Environmental awareness
• Specific poverty reduction measures

31
Driving forces - air

• How are the sectors developing
• Transport
• number of vehicles (cars, motorbikes, others?)
• Industry
• activity development in industrial branches with
  potential contribution to air pollution e.g.
  number of industries,
• number of industrial zones,
• economic development,
• other?
• Households
• number of households using coal, wood or oil to
  heat houses and for cooking
• Energy
• development in energy production,
• energy consumption (distributed by sectors), and
  
• the distribution between energy sources (coal,
  oil, natural gas, etc.)

32
Pressure -air

• Emission of pollutants
• Emission of SO2 in total and by sector (energy,
  transport, households, industry, service)
• Emission of NOx in total and by sector (energy,
  transport, households, industry, service)
• Emission of PM10 and TSP in total and by sector
  (energy, transport, households, industry,
  service)
• Emission of Pb in total and by sector (energy,
  transport, households, industry, service)

33
State - air

• Development in air quality in the major towns in
  Vietnam
• Concentration of NOx, in urban air
• Concentration of SO2, in urban air
• Concentration of Particles (PM10/TSP), in urban
  air
• Concentration of O3, in urban air
• Concentration of lead, in urban air
• Concentration of Dioxin in urban air
• Exceedance days of air quality targets in urban
  areas for each of the following componentsSO2,
  NOx, PM10/TSP, Pb.

34
Impact - air

• Development of ecosystems in urban areas parks
  etc.
• Agriculture in vicinity of pollution sources
• impact on yield in agricultural areas close to
  industrial zones compared with rural areas.
• farming area at a certain distance from
  industrial zones
• Human health exposure and risk by air pollutants.
• Human health impacts measured by the development
  in diseases known to be fully or partly caused by
  air pollution
• Health conditions for people exposed to
  particular air pollution compared with the
  average or rural conditions/smaller towns people
  living along busy traffic lines/streets people
  living in industrial areas or around industrial
  zones

35
Response - air

• Energy efficiency
• Energy production compared with economic growth
• Implementation of cleaner technology for
  industrial plants
• Regulation with regard to cleaning technology and
  its implementation
• Introduction of cleaner technology measures
• Introduction of cleaner fuel
• Transport sector
• Industry
• Energy sector

36
Response - air

• Renewable energy sources
• Trend in the proportion of renewable energy use
  compared with total energy consumption
• Trend in introduction of solar energy, wind
  energy, biomass etc.
• Environmental management
• Ratio of industries granted Pollution Control
  Certificates and Environmental licenses
• Ratio of industries complying with the pollution
  control certificates
• Enforcement of regulation
• Trend in regulation (development in number of
  standards, in the levels of the standards, the
  level of the standards compared with other
  countries, other parts of the world)

37
Water resources

• Driving forces
• The general development in population
• Agriculture
• Aquaculture
• Hydropower
• Water supply
• Industry
• Service
• Households
• Mining
• Forestry
• Water transport
• Inland fisheries

Pressures Abstraction of water for irrigation,
human consumption, industry Discharge of
pollutants to rivers and reservoirs Construction
of dams, ports etc. Erosion Exploitation of
fisheries resources
Impacts on Biodiversity, Ecosystems Natural
resources Humans polluted drinking water, water
borne diseases, reduced income/nutrition of
inland fisheries and agriculture, relocation,
flooding, droughts

• State of the Environment
• water quantity and flow
• inundation, flooding
• sediment transport, siltation
• river morphology
• water quality
• pathogens
• eutrophication
• extinction of ecosystems
• vegetation, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish
• salinization of river, underground water

• Responses
• Mitigating actions
• Environmental policies to reach environmental
  state objectives
• Sector policies (limits and control on sector
  development to reduce/change the activities or
  the pressures
• Environmental awareness
• Specific poverty reduction measures
• Integrated management of water bodies

38
Driving forces water resources

• How are the sectors developing
• Agriculture
• trend in use of fertilizer,
• trend in use of pesticides,
• irrigated agricultural area,
• Aquaculture
• trend in the number of freshwater aquaculture
  installations,
• the number of people living off fresh water
  aquaculture
• production figures for freshwater aquaculture
• the freshwater aquaculture compared with
  freshwater fisheries

39
Driving forces water resources

• How are the sectors developing
• Hydropower, development of hydropower dams
• number and volume,
• inundated land,
• electricity production capacity,
• irrigation capacity
• Industrial activity development
• number of industries,
• number of industrial zones,
• economic development,
• Mining
• development in the mining industry,
• development in mining methods regarding the
  potential for water pollution

40
Driving forces water resources

• How are the sectors developing
• Forestry
• changes in land use afforestation
• introduction of plantations or
• other changes in forestry affecting the water
  resources
• Water transport
• water transport on rivers
• Inland fisheries
• inland fishery capture
• number of people living from inland fisheries

41
Pressure - water resources

• Abstraction of water for irrigation, human
  consumption, industry water demand by sector
• water demand by sector livestock, agriculture,
  domestic supply, industry, energy, aquaculture,
  services, others
• Discharge of pollutants to rivers and reservoirs
  nitrogen, phosphorus, pesticides, heavy metals,
  organic pollutants, oxygen consuming substances,
  pathogens
• amount of waste water discharged to surface
  waters from urban areas and industrial zones
• percentage rural households, with sanitary
  latrines
• percentage husbandries and cottage villages with
  waster water treatment
• percentage urban areas/industrial zones with
  waste water treatment facilities.

42
Pressure - water resources

• Construction of dams, ports etc.
• inundated area
• development in no. of ports,
• port capacity etc.
• Erosion
• development in land clearance
• Exploitation of fisheries resources
• inland fisheries compared with the carrying
  capacity of the fresh water fish stock
  development in use of destructive fisheries
  techniques

43
State - water resources

• Water quantity and flow
• Flooding
• no. of flooding incidents
• development in flooding frequency
• Sediment transport, siltation
• water turbidity,
• maintenance dredging in reservoirs
• River morphology
• dredging in rivers and reservoirs

44
State - water resources

• Water quality (e.g. concentration of dissolved
  oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals,
  pesticides, organic pollutants).
• nutrient concentrations in rivers and reservoirs
  compared with standards
• BOD and ammonia concentrations in rivers and
  reservoirs compared with standards
• location and severity of incidents of oxygen
  depletion in rivers and reservoirs
• oxygen concentration in rivers and reservoirs
• Pathogens
• exceedance of bathing water quality standards
• exceedance of drinking water quality standards

45
State - water resources

• Eutrophication, algae blooms
• chlorophyll- a concentration
• incidents of toxic algae blooms
• Abundance and state of vegetation, phytoplankton,
  zooplankton, fish
• bioindicators??
• Salinization of river, underground water
• salt water intrusion

46
Impact - water resources

• Biodiversity, - extinction of ecosystems and
  species
• decrease in valuable ecosystems
• disappearance of rare species
• development in endangered species
• discovery of new species
• Ecosystems wetlands, mangroves
• development in wetlands
• development in mangrove areas
• Natural resources - inland fisheries pollution
  and salinization of agricutural soil
• fish capture,
• development i fish stock
• area of degraded land
• area of abandoned agricultural land

47
Impact - water resources

• Humans polluted drinking water, water borne
  diseases, reduced income/nutrition of inland
  fisheries and agriculture, relocation, flooding,
  droughts
• Water availability per capita
• Percentage of households with access to safe
  drinking water
• Number of incidents of water borne diseases
  (Cholera, Typhoid, Dysentery, Malaria)
• Number of people affected by relocation due to
  construction of dams, reservoirs, ports etc.
• Number of people affected by floods
• Number of people affected by droughts

48
Response - water resources

• Progress in implementation of Integrated Water
  Resources Management
• Establishment of RBOs
• Development of national IWRM plans
• Active participation in the MRC co-operation on
  water sharing (WUP) and Basin Development Plan
  (BDP), Environment Programme
• Implementation of water pricing
• Water fees on industries
• Water fees on households
• Revenues from water fees
• Progress in Flood Forecasting and Management
• Active participation in the MRC co-operation on
  the Flood Forecasting and Management Programme.

49
Marine and coastal water

• Driving forces
• The general develop-
• ment in population
• Relevant sectors e.g.
• Agriculture
• Aquaculture
• Industry
• Service
• Households
• Forestry
• Water transport
• Fisheries

Pressures Discharge of pollutants directly and
via rivers Oil spills Explotation of fish
resources Sediment transport from
rivers Coastal erosion

• State of the Environment
• sediment transport, siltation
• coastal morphology
• water quality pathogens
• oil pollution
• eutrophication, algae blooms
• extinction of ecosystems and species
• vegetation, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish

Impacts on Biodiversity, Ecosystems mangroves,
seagrasses, coral reefs Natural resources
Fisheries Humans reduced income from fisheries
and aquaculture, water borne diseases.

• Responses
• Mitigating actions
• Environmental policies to reach environmental
  state objectives
• Sector policies (limits and control on sector
  development to reduce/change the activities or
  the pressures)
• Environmental awareness
• Specific poverty reduction measures
• Coastal zone management

50
Driving forces marine -coastal

• How are the sectors developing
• Agriculture
• trend in use of fertilizer,
• trend in use of pesticides,
• Aquaculture
• trend in the number of marine and coastal
  aquaculture installations,
• the number of people living off marine and
  coastal aquaculture
• production figures for marine and coastal
  aquaculture
• the aquaculture capture compared with fisheries
• Industry
• development in industries located in the coastal
  zone
• no of off-shore oil platforms

51
Driving forces marine - coastal

• How are the sectors developing
• Urban development in the coastal zone
• trend in the development of urban areas and
• number of people living in urban areas of the
  coastal zone
• Water transport
• ship traffic
• Fisheries
• Gross output,
• marine capture and
• catch per unit of effort

52
Pressure marine - coastal

• Discharge of pollutants directly and via rivers
  nitrogen, phosphorus, pesticides, heavy metals,
  organic pollutants, oxygen consuming substances,
  pathogens
• Flux of pollutants from rivers (nutrients, BOD,
  heavy metals, suspended solids)
• Direct discharges of waste water from industrial
  zones located in the coastal zone percentage of
  waste water treatment plants in industrial zones
  located in the coastal zone
• Discharges of waste water from urban areas
  located in the coastal zone
• percentage of waste water treatment in urban
  areas located in the coastal zone

53
Pressure - marine - coastal

• Oil spills
• No of oil spills from off-shore platforms
• discharge/leakage of oil from refineries and
  off-shore installations
• number and amount of oil spills from marine
  shipping
• Explotation of fish resources
• development in use of destructive fisheries
  techniques
• Sediment transport from rivers
• maintenance dredging at river mouths
• Coastal erosion

54
State marine - coastal

• Sediment transport, siltation
• water turbidity at river mouths
• Coastal morphology
• changes in coastal morphology registered e.g.
  through comparisons of satellite images
• Water quality (e.g. concentration of dissolved
  oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals,
  pesticides, organic pollutants)
• frequency of low bottom oxygen in coastal and
  marine waters,
• nutrient concentration levels in marine and
  coastal waters
• Pathogens
• exceedance of bathing water quality standards
• incidents of poisoned from seafood (registered
  during food control/inspection)

55
State marine - coastal

• Oil pollution
• oil reaching the coast
• area of the sea and coastline affected by
  oil-spills
• birds contaminated by oil
• Eutrophication, algae blooms
• chlorophyll-a concentration
• water turbidity
• toxic algae blooms
• Abundance and state of vegetation, phytoplankton,
  zooplankton, fish
• heavy metals in seafood, fish and sediment

56
Impact marine - coastal

• Biodiversity
• decrease in valuable ecosystems
• disappearance of rare species
• development in endangered species
• discovery of new species
• Ecosystems mangroves, seagrasses, coral reefs
• loss of mangrove forests in Vietnam
• state of coral reefs in Vietnam
• seagrass coverage in the coastal zone
• Natural resources Fisheries
• fish capture
• development i fish stocks

57
Impact marine - coastal

• Humans reduced income from fisheries and
  aquaculture, water borne diseases
• development in income from coastal and marine
  fisheries,
• development in income from aquaculture
  fisheries
• number of people living on marine and coastal
  fisheries and marine aquaculture
• incidents of water borne diseases.

58
Response marine - coastal

• Implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone
  Management
• Participation and signing of international
  conventions, treaties and other initiatives
• No of conventions and treaties signed
• plan for follow-up on signed conventions and
  treaties (law, decrees, a.o.)
• plan for participation in the future
• participation in international initiatives to
  protect the marine environment by e.g. IUCN, WWF,
  MRC and others
• Conservation efforts in Marine Protected Areas
• Number of MPAs
• State and development in established MPAs

59
Next steps

• 1. Report on draft list of indicators
• 2. Feasibility study on draft list of indicators
  by local consultants and international experts
  on air, water resources, coastal and marine
  resources
• 3. Draft list of indicators revised
• 4. 3rd Workshop on draft list of indicators in
  June 2005
• 5. Indicator factsheets developed