PENALTY

1
PENALTY

• Chapter 5

2
PENALTY CONTINGENCY

• The immediate, response-contingent REMOVAL of a
  REINFORCER resulting in a decreased frequency of
  that response

BEFORE BEHAVIOR
AFTER
3
Penalty Contingencies
Before Behavior After
Mark has all his points Mark threatens Mark loses 50 points
Jo has 25 cents Jo swears Jo loses 25 cents
Bob has 10 MMs Bob raises his hand Bob loses an MM
4
Graph
Threats
Interventions
5
Penalty Principle

• A response becomes less frequent if loss of a
  reinforcer or a decrease in a reinforcer has
  immediately followed it in the past.

6
Punishment, penalty, or escape?
Before Behavior After
Ed has painful rock in shoe Ed shakes rock out of shoe Ed has no painful rock
Jo has no dust in eyes Jo blows on dusty surface Jo has painful dust in eyes
Bill has 2 Bill jumps on furniture Bill loses 1
7
What contingency?
Before Behavior After
Shock Lever press No shock
No shock Lever press Shock
Food pellets Lever press No food pellets
8
Contingency Table
Stimulus, event, or condition Present Remove
Reinforcer Reinforcement Penalty
Aversive Condition Punishment Escape
9
Specific Penalty Contingencies

• Response cost
• Time out from positive reinforcement

10
Response-Cost Contingency

• The immediate response-contingent removal of a
  tangible reinforcer resulting in a decreased
  frequency of the response

11
(No Transcript)
12
Time-out Contingency

• The immediate response-contingent removal of
  access to a reinforcer resulting in a decreased
  frequency of that response.

Diagram this contingency. What do you need to
know?
13
Need to Know?

• The target behavior (response)
• YELLING OUT

14
(No Transcript)
15
Response Cost vs. Time-Out

• Response Cost
• Removal of the reinforcers themselves
• Loss of earned reinforcers
• Lost forever
• tangibles

• Time-Out
• Removal of access to reinforcers
• Loss of opportunity to earn reinforcers
• Lost temporarily
• Activities

16
Time-Out
of time
Intervention
17
Law of Effect

• The effects of our actions determine whether we
  will repeat them.

results
18
E. L. Thorndike
19
Cats in a puzzle box

• Responses made just prior to pleasant events
  are more likely to be repeated, while responses
  made just prior to unpleasant events are more
  likely to diminish.

20
Pleasant events

• Satisfiers

21
Unpleasant events

• Annoyers

22
Rolling Over the Dead Man

• Not being tardy
• Not eating junk food
• Not speeding

23
Basic Behavioral Contingencies
24
Penalty Reinforcement
Inappropriate Natural Reinforcement Contingency
Before Sam has no attention
After Sam has attention
Behavior Sam bounces ball off his mothers head
After Sam cant play with the toys
Before Sam can play with toys
Performance-Management Penalty Contingency
25
Review

• Contingency Table

26
Contingency Table

Remove

27
Contingency Table
Stimulus, Event, or Condition
Remove

28
Contingency Table
Stimulus, Event, or Condition
Remove

29
Contingency Table
Stimulus, event, or condition Reinforcer Aversive condition
Remove Penalty Escape
Present Reinforcement Punishment
30
Contingency Table
Stimulus, event, or condition Present Remove
Reinforcer Reinforcement Penalty
Aversive Condition Punishment Escape
31
Reversal Designs

• An experimental design in which we reverse
  between intervention and baseline conditions to
  assess the effects of those conditions.

32
Definition of ABA Design
An experimental design in which the intervention
and baseline conditions are reversed to assess
the effects of those conditions
B
A
A
33
Before Behavior After
Ed has painful rock in shoe Ed shakes rock out of shoe Ed has no painful rock
Jo has no dust in eyes Jo blows on dusty surface Jo has painful dust in eyes
Bill has 2 Bill jumps on furniture Bill loses 1