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Hierarchical pluralism

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Title: Hierarchical pluralism


1
Hierarchical pluralism
  • Examining social attachments in Canada's two
    national contexts

Mai B. Phan and Raymond Breton
Presented at the CRONEM annual conference
Nationalism and National Identities Today
Multidisciplinary Perspectives University of
Surrey, U.K. June 12-13, 2007
2
Models of Diversity revisited
  • The multiplicity of social connections in a
    modern context implies the possibility of
    multiple identifications or attachments and the
    possibility of choice.
  • Uni-dimensional perspectives like assimilation
    theories presume that strengthening attachment to
    one implies weakening in another, competing
    identity.
  • In the bi-dimensional perspective, identification
    with and attachment to the ancestral group and
    the larger community are both possible, and
    possibly desirable.

3
Social Dominance Theory
  • The assimilation and pluralism theories assume
    that all groups have the same opportunity to
    participate in institutions, to be accepted in
    social interaction and thus become integrated in
    the social fabric in the same ways.
  • However, this assumption of equality may not be
    warranted in all social contexts.
  • Sidanius and his colleagues argue that an
    additional model is required, that of social
    dominance which takes into account an ethnic
    hierarchy in the society.

4
  • Members of groups lower in the hierarchy would be
    more likely
  • to integrate in the ethnic community
  • to persist in assigning importance to their
    ethnicity and
  • to have a relatively weak sense of belonging to
    the larger society.
  • Members with higher standing would be more
    likely
  • to integrate in the larger society
  • to show a decrease in the importance they attach
    to their ethnicity and
  • to have a relatively strong sense of belonging to
    the larger society.

5
Exploring the data 2002 Ethnic Diversity Survey
  • Measuring attitudinal attachments to Canada
  • Sense of belonging to Canada
  • Importance of civic identity
  • (includes responses of Canadian/ Canadienne,
    Quebecois, Newfoundland, Acadian, French-Canadian
    or other regional identity)
  • Measuring attitudinal attachments to ethnic
    group
  • Sense of belonging to ethnic ancestry group
  • Importance of ethnic identity
  • Importance of ethnic ancestry
  • Importance of ethnic customs and traditions
  • All measures of attachment were dichotomized,
    with strong responses (4/5) scored 1 and
    weak/moderate responses scored 0

6
Simultaneous Latent Class Analysis
  • Latent Class Analysis is analogous to factor
    analysis for categorical data, testing the
    underlying structure of relationships among
    variables
  • Unlike factor analysis, latent variables
    constructed from a set of observed, discrete
    variables may be characterized as
    multi-dimensional typologies
  • Categories are mutually exclusive, and latent
    classes can be tested for variability (or
    equivalence) of structures between different
    populations (Quebec and the Rest of Canada)

7
Patterns of attachment Ethnic
8
Patterns of attachment Mainstream
9
Patterns of attachment Pluralist
10
Patterns of attachment Marginalized
11
Comparing the regional distribution of attachment
types
12
For white groups, the assimilation model is
supported, with rapid decrease in ethnic
attachments
13
For visible minorities, there is stronger ethnic
retention and less integration into the mainstream
14
Hierarchical pluralism ?
  • Visible minorities and whites have different
    patterns of attachments across cohorts (even
    after controlling for income, education, sex,
    age, reported discrimination and friendship ties)
  • Few differences in distribution of attachment
    types among different visible minority groups
  • Southern European groups also show similar
    patterns of social attachment to visible
    minoritiesracialization?

15
Visible minority groups are over-represented in
the ethnic attachment group
16
Charter Groups show different propensities to
attachments
  • English are over-represented in the mainstream
    attachment group
  • French are over-represented in the pluralist
    attachment group

17
National majorities and minorities
18
The probability of pluralist social attachments
is higher in Quebec than in the rest of Canada
19
Charter groups the relationship between national
identity and ethnic identity
  • mainstream for British-origin whites and
    pluralist for French-origin whites in Quebec
    synonymous patterns?
  • The majority of whites in Quebec are native-born
    with French ancestry Quebec as a French social
    context
  • Quebecs claim as a distinct society and as a
    national minority heightens awareness of French
    culture in context of Anglo-hegemony

20
Retention of ethnic attachments across cohorts
is more pronounced for VM compared to whites
21
Visible minorities in Quebec
  • face the most difficulties integrating in the
    labour market and are more dependent on ethnic
    networks.
  • As a result, visible minorities as a devalued
    population may be encouraged towards ethnic
    attachments to a greater extent than in the rest
    of Canada.
  • On the other hand, Quebec has given greater
    support for ethnic language retention than the
    rest of Canada, which may come some way to
    explaining the greater likelihood of visible
    minorities retaining ethnic and pluralist
    attachments across generations.

22
Defensive structuring on the part of
French-speaking Québec
  • Higher level of social and institutional
    segregation on the basis of language and
    religion.
  • The only province with its own Ministry of
    Immigration and separate immigration policy
  • Resistance to federal multiculturalism policy
    interpreted as an attempted reduction of the
    cultural and political status of French in Canada
  • However, facing demographic, economic and
    political pressures to accept and integrate
    immigrants

23
Quebecs policy of Inter-culturalism more
explicit conditions on multiculturalism
  • recognition of French as the language of public
    life
  • respect for liberal democratic values, including
    civil and political rights and equality of
    opportunity and
  • respect for pluralism, including openness to and
    tolerance of others' differences.
  • The rate of pluralist attachment over
    successive generations is the same for visible
    minorities and whites in Quebec

24
Changing modes of belonging?
  • Quebecois and Canadian identities losing
    their ethnic connotation (as exclusively French
    or British)
  • Quebec is undergoing the challenges of diversity,
    immigration, nationhood and identity as Canada
    has faced much earlier in its history
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