Hazard Risk Mitigation in Europe and Central Asia

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Hazard Risk Mitigation in Europe and Central
Asia WORLD BANK Workshop
Istanbul, October 26-28, 2004
Seismic risk mitigation in the Vrancea region,
Romania
Dan Lungu Technical University of Civil
Engineering, Bucharest and National Institute for
Building Research, Bucharest Original
Presentation has been modified for Internet Use.
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Contents
1. The Romanian earthquake hazard and the 1977
disaster in Bucharest 2.
Vulnerability (fragility) of existing building
stock and Codes for earthquake
resistance of buildings 3. National programs
and international projects for seismic risk
mitigation in Romania
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1. The Romanian earthquake hazard and the 1977
disaster in Bucharest
"Nowhere else in the world is a center of
population so exposed to earthquakes originating
repeatedly from the same source"
Charles Richter. 15 March 1977, Letter to the
Romanian government
World Map of Natural Hazards prepared by the
Münich Re, 1998 indicates for Bucharest Large
city with Mexico-city effect
The unusual nature of the ground motion and the
extent and distribution of the structural damage
have important bearing on earthquake engineering
efforts in the United States.
Jennings Blume, NRC EERI
Report
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1000 yr catalogue of Vrancea earthquakes

• Major historical events and major 20 century
  earthquakes

• Number of events/century, having intensity larger
  than 9 and 7

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March 4, 1977 earthquake Mw 7.7 h 109 km
Killed 1,578 people (1424 in Bucharest) Injured
11,221 people (7598 in Bucharest)

• Destroyed or seriously damaged 33,000 housing
  units and
• caused lesser damage to 182,000 other
  dwellings
• Destroyed 11 hospitals and damaged 448 others
  hospitals, etc.

• The World Bank estimation of losses (Report
  16.P-2240-RO, 1978)
• Total losses in Romania 2.05
  billion USD (100)
• Construction losses 1.42
  (70)
• Building and housing losses 1.02
  (50)

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PSHA, Probabilistic seismic hazard
assessment Lungu, Demetriu, 1994-2004
1. Recurrence of Vrancea magnitude
2. Attenuation of Vrancea strong ground motion
PGA - peak ground acceleration at the site Mw-
moment magnitude Mw,0 6.3 Lower threshold
magnitude Mw, max 8.1 Max credible R -
hypocentral distance to the site h - focal
depth ?ln PGA 0.502- standard deviation of
lnPGA
Database 80 triaxial records at 48 free-field
stations in Romania, R. of Moldavia, Bulgaria
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2. Vulnerability (fragility) of existing building
stock and Codes for earthquake resistance of
buildings
Quality of seismic design incorporated into
existing buildings stock is modeled by
four categories Pre-code Low-code
Moderate-code High-code.
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3 International lessons unlearnt from the 1977
earthquake
1 A systematic evaluation should be made of all
buildings in Bucharest erected prior to the
adoption of earthquake design requirements and a
hazard abatement plan should be developed. From
Observation on the behaviour of buildings in
the Romanian earthquake of March 4, 1977 by G.
Fattal, E. Simiu and Ch. Cluver. Edited as the
NBS Special Publication 490, US Dept of Commerce,
National Bureau of Standards, Sept 1977.
2 Tentative provisions for consolidation
solutions would preferably be developed
urgently. From The Romanian
earthquake. Survey report by Survey group of
experts and specialists dispatched by the
Government of Japan (K. Nakano). Edited by JICA,
Japan International Cooperation Agency, June 1977.
3 Bucharest had been microzoned as part of
UNESCO Balkan Project, with microzones denoting
three levels of risk. The worst destruction
occurred in lowest-risk microzone. From
Earthquake in Romania March 4,1977. An
Engineering Report by G. Berg, B. Bolt, M.
Sozen, Ch. Rojahn. Edited by National Academy
Press, Washington, D.C. 1980
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The 1977 National strategy for strengthening
damaged buildings

• The retrofitting of buildings must provide
• For the old buildings the same resistance the
  have before 1940
• earthquake (when they survived!)
• (ii) For the new buildings the same resistance
  the have when they were
• designed
• Letter to the Municipality of Bucharest of the
  General Inspector for Construction of
  Romania, based on March 30, 1977, Order of
  Romanian Government

Retrofitting of the buildings damaged by the
1977 earthquake will consist of strict local
repairing of damaged elements. Additional
measures for seismic protection are not
allowed. Letter to the technical University
of Civil Engineering, Bucharest from
General Inspector for Construction of Romania and
General Director of Central Institute for
Research Design and Coordinator for
Construction, July 11, 1977
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Seismic risk class Matrix
Building to be immediately retrofitted!
Seismic risk class 1
buildings
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Vulnerable residential buildings -from Ministry
of Transports, Constructions and Tourism of
Romania-
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Vulnerable school buildings -from Ministry of
Education and Research of Romania-
13
Vulnerable hospital buildings -from Ministry of
Health and Family of Romania-
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3. National programs and International projects
for seismic risk mitigation in Romania
Objectives 1. Strengthening of seismic risk
class 1 buildings
Legislation Construction work 2. Upgrading
of the code for seismic design of buildings and
structures 3. Seismic
instrumentation
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Strengthening work for the 123 highly vulnerable
buildings in Bucharest
October 2004 3 buildings are fully
retrofitted 8 buildings are under
retrofitting 16 buildings have
retrofitting projects ready 8 buildings are
on the waiting list for retrofitting
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Upgrading the code for seismic design of
buildings and structures
The draft of the New code for earthquake
resistance of new structures, P100-2004,
following EUROCODE 8 format, was just issued (Jan
2004)
The draft of the New code for earthquake
resistance of existing buildings and structures
to be prepared !
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Seismic instrumentation in Romania, 2004
Existing seismic
networks, in 2002

INFP/SFB 461
German Science
Foundation
Project at
15 K2

41 K2

University of
Karlsruhe

TOTAL

54 digital instruments 158
instruments
instruments



100 digital


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JICA technical cooperation project Reduction
of seismic risk for buildings and structures in
Romania

• Project signed in 2002, when 100 years of
  diplomatic relations between Japan and Romania
  were celebrated

JICA Project in Romania is based on
partnership of 3 institutions NCSRR, National
Center for Seismic Risk Reduction UTCB,
Technical University of Civil Engineering
Bucharest INCERC, National Institute for
Building Research, Bucharest under the authority
of MTCT, Ministry of Transports, Constructions
and Tourism.

• Project duration 5 yr

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Total cost of the project 5.27 mill. USD

• Equipment cost 2.7 mill. USD
• - Soil testing laboratory
• - Structure testing laboratory
• - Seismic instrumentation network in Bucharest
  and Romania
• (free field, borehole,
  buildings)

• 16 Romanian young students/engineer to be trained
  in Japan
• 34 Japanese short term and long term experts in
  Romania

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• Equipments for soil testing and investigation
• Triaxial testing equipment
• Drilling equipment
• SPT/CPT testing equipment

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Equipment for strong ground motion observation
Equipment delivered by JICA and installed
together with two OYO technicians and one
Japanese expert - Altus K2 accelerometer
(11) - borehole sensors FBA-23DH (141) -
sensors EPISENSOR ES-T (91) - ETNA
accelerometer (51)
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Borehole seismic instrumentation

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Bucharest - Location of borehole instrumented
sites
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Instrumented buildings in Bucharest
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RISK U.E. Project An advanced approach to
earthquake risk scenarios with applications to
different European towns
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Flow charts of RISK UE Project (P. Mouroux)
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Workpackage 1 of RISK-UE European distinctive
features, inventory database and typology
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• Objective 1 - Distinctive features of
  European towns
• Town identity
• Population characteristics
• Urbanised area and elements at risk
• Impact of past earthquakes on elements at risk
• Strong motion data in the city and seismic
  hazard
• Geological, geophysical and geotechnical
  information
• Evolution of earthquake resistant design codes
• Earthquake risk management efforts
• References

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Objective 2 - Europe inventory database and
typology
Classification of buildings occupancy
1) Buildings with capacity greater than 150
people 2) Buildings with capacity greater than
300 people or where more than 300 people
congregate in one area
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Building typology matrix, BTM
Code level N - no code
L - low-code (designed with unique arbitrary
base shear seismic coefficient)
M - moderate-code H -
high-code (code comparable with Eurocode 8)
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Comparative study for 7 towns
I. Population and Building exposure
Population and yearly GDP
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Population of the 7 towns
Population
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Population density in the 7 towns
Population density, persons/km2
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Number of buildings for the 7 towns
Number of buildings
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Number of housing units for 7 towns
Number of housing units
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II. Earthquake hazard and earthquake
instrumentation
MSK local-intensity of largest experienced
earthquake for the 7 towns
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III. Vulnerability and typology of European
buildings stock
Building stock age in the 7 towns versus Seismic
codes inter-benchmark periods
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Buildings typology
Masonry buildings types for the 7 towns
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World Bank project in Romania
Component A Strengthening of
Disaster management capacity 5

• Component B
• Earthquake Risk Reduction 35
• Subcomponents
• Strengthening of high priority buildings and
  lifelines
• Design supervision
• Building code review and study of code
  enforcement
• Professional training in cost effective
  retrofitting

Components C D E Flood, Pollution Project
Management 60
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Implementation unit for Component B at MTCT,
Ministry of Transports, Construction and Tourism
Romanian Government has been approved the
following list of buildings to be
retrofitted on April 7, 2004
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The buildings list is splitted in two lists
priority list and additional list. Priority
list of buildings contains 65 buildings i.e
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Distribution of buildings with occupancy
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Distribution of number of buildings to be
retrofitted
Distribution of cost for buildings to be
retrofitted
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Distribution of buildings with number of stories
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Distribution of buildings with floor area
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Distribution of buildings with year of
construction
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Distribution of buildings with present seismic
intensity map
90
80
77
70
60
50
Number of buildings
40
30
20
9
10
1
0
VII
VIII
IX
MSK
7
8
9
Seismic intensity
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World Bank report
Preventable Losses Saving Lives and Property
through Hazard Risk Management Strategic
Framework for reducing the Social and Economic
Impact of Earthquake, Flood and Landslide Hazards
in the Europe and Central Asia Region Draft, May
2004

• Romania is regarded as one the most seismically
  active countries in
• Europe

• Bucharest is one of the 10 most vulnerable cities
  in the world.

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Recommendations for Romania

• Upgrade the legal framework for hazard specific
  management
• Review the existing buildings code for the
  retrofitting of vulnerable
• buildings
• Conduct a comprehensive public awareness campaign
  for the
• earthquake risk
• Invest in hazard mitigation activities in order
  to reduce the risks
• caused by earthquakes
• Develop financing strategy for catastrophic
  events.