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Concurrent Training

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Title: Concurrent Training


1
Concurrent Training Periodization
  • Dr. Moran
  • EXS 558
  • Wednesday 11/2/05

2
Online Resource
  • Coaching Science Abstracts

3
Lecture Outline
  • Concurrent Training (Chapter 10)
  • Strength Training for the Endurance Athlete
  • Endurance Training for the Strength Athlete
  • Sequencing of Training
  • Effect on Endurance Training
  • Effect on Strength Training
  • Effect of Muscle Growth Muscle Fiber
    Characteristics

4
Lecture Outline (cont)
  1. Periodization
  2. General Adaptation Syndrome
  3. Efficacy
  4. Models
  5. Linear
  6. Nonlinear
  7. Examples
  8. Power Athlete in Team Sport
  9. Power Athlete preparing for specific event
  10. Endurance Athlete

5
Review Question 1
  • What needs to be established before any training
    program can be developed and later evaluated?
  • GOALS these goals short be both short and long
    term and should factor in the training age of the
    athlete and reasonable expectations for that
    particular training program. These goals should
    include specific physiological events that can be
    quantitatively measured (i.e. strength gain).

6
Review Question 2
  • Although many studies have investigated the
    physiological adaptations as a result of
    different types of sport training, why should a
    coach keep a daily log of training events?
  • This may seem like a no-brainer but many coaches
    DO NOT keep a log of daily training event. Every
    athlete is different and will respond differently
    to training stimulus. It is important to keep
    this log to analyze after a training block
    whether successful or not (efficacy).

7
Review Question 3
  • What are the 5 principles of training?
  • Specificity Principle
  • Overload Principle
  • Individuality Principle
  • Principle of Diminishing Returns
  • Principle of Reversibility

8
Review Question 4
  • Explain 4 acute program variables as they relate
    to a resistance training program.
  • Choice of exercise
  • Number of Repetitions
  • Order of Exercise
  • Intensity of Exercise
  • Training Frequency
  • Rest Interval

9
Review Question 5
  • Explain the General Adaptation Syndrome as
    described as Dr. Seyle.
  • His adaptation model consists of three phases
    alarm reaction, adaptation, and exhaustion.
    During the alarm reaction this is an initial
    response with both shock and soreness followed by
    the period of adaptation and improvement of
    performance.

10
Review Question 6
  • The individuality principle states that the same
    training stimulus may invoke a set of different
    physiological response in a set of athletes. Why
    do athletes respond differently?
  • Pretaining (TRAINING AGE)
  • Genetics
  • Gender

11
Review Question 7
  • TRUE/FALSE
  • Concentration of glycolytic enzymes may remain
    unchanged up to 2.5 months after a training
    program has been discontinued.

12
Review Question 8
  • Explain the difference between overreaching and
    overtraining? Is overreaching advantageous?

13
Review Question 9
  • What are some signs/symptoms of overtraining?

14
Concurrent TrainingIntroduction
  • Many sports rely on more than one energy system
  • Concurrent Training training multiple energy
    systems simultaneously
  • What are the physiological ramifications?
  • Is it smart to resistance train while trying to
    maximize endurance capabilities?
  • MacDougal et al. (1979) ? muscle mass parallel ?
    mitochondrial activity
  • It appears counter-productive
  • Abstract

15
Concurrent TrainingEffect of Concurrent Training
on VO2 Max
  • Hickson et al. (1980) examined the effect of
    resistance training on aerobic power and
    short-term endurance
  • Subjects recreation college aged male athletes
  • Training 5x a week resistance training
  • Results 38 ? in lower body strength w/o any
    change in aerobic capacity, in fact, time to
    exhaustion on cycle and treadmill ?
  • How is this possible from a physiologist
    perspective?
  • Improved glycolytic enzyme capacity
  • NM adaptations could provide better exercise
    economy
  • A more recent example

16
Concurrent TrainingEffect of Concurrent Training
on VO2 Max
  • Other studies on untrained subjects corroborate
    these findings and support that fact that
    resistance training does NOT impede ability to
    improve aerobic capacity
  • With trained athletes the results were similar
  • Studies ranged from 8-12 week in duration
  • No significant changes in endurance performance,
    lactate threshold, maximal aerobic capacity

These studies show that concurrent training does
not impede aerobic development
17
Concurrent TrainingEffect of Concurrent Training
on VO2 Max
  • Figure 10.1

UTuntrained PAphysically active
18
Concurrent TrainingEffect of Concurrent Training
on Maximal Strength
  • Research Overview inconclusive
  • Group I combining endurance and resistance
    training may compromise the potential for
    strength gains
  • Group II combining endurance and resistance
    training does NOT compromise the potential for
    strength gains
  • Why the contrasting results?
  • Whether or NOT the subjects were previously
    trained!
  • Differences in training age of study participants
  • Differences in Acute Program Variables

19
Concurrent TrainingEffect of Concurrent Training
on Maximal Strength
UNTRAINED
TRAINED
Why the different reposnse?
CHRONIC FATIGUE
20
Concurrent TrainingEffect of Concurrent Training
on Maximal Strength
  • Number of Training Sessions
  • Too many training sessions (both resistance
    endurance combined) may compromise strength gains
  • McCarthy et al. (2002) Findings indicate 3-days
    a week of concurrent performance of both strength
    and endurance training does not impair
    adaptations in strength, muscle hypertrophy, and
    neural activation induced by strength training
    alone. Results provide a physiological basis to
    support several performance studies that
    consistently indicate 3-days a week of concurrent
    training does not impair strength development
    over the short term. untrained subjects
  • Neuromuscular adaptations to concurrent strength
    and endurance training. Medicine Science in
    Sports Exercise. 34(3)511-519, March 2002.

21
Concurrent TrainingEffect of Concurrent Training
on Maximal Strength
  • Endurance Training Before Resistance
  • Leveritt Abernathy (1999)
  • 30 min endurance before resistance
  • Recreationally trained

22
Concurrent TrainingSequencing of Training
Sessionwhich session goes 1st?
  • Is it better to perform resistance training or
    endurance training first?
  • Only a limited of studies have investigated
  • Untrained sequence does not matter
  • Collins Snow (1993)
  • Trained no studies here? (possible ideas)

23
Concurrent TrainingEffect of Concurrent Training
on Fiber Type Conversion
  • Bishop et al. (1999) endurance trained athletes
    performing a 12 week resistance training program
    in conjunction with their normal training did NOT
    experience any fiber type conversion or muscle
    hypertrophy
  • Was the intervention long enough?
  • Typically 6-8 wks after a resistance training
    program begins is enough time to witness muscle
    hypertrophy
  • Little is known if the program were continued
    over 3 months
  • Untrained Athletes concurrent training did
    significantly ? the muscle fiber area of type II
    BUT only after 12 weeks! A strength training
    group only saw increases in both type I and type
    II after 6 weeks.

24
Concurrent TrainingEffect of Concurrent Training
on Fiber Hypertrophy
  • Kraemer et al. (1995)
  • Figure 10.4
  • Endurance training causes atrophy because it
    degrades myofibrillar protein to optimze oxygen
    uptake (Klausen et al., 1981)

25
Concurrent TrainingEffect of Concurrent Training
on Fiber Hypertrophy
  • Research Article 1 Changes in Muscle
    Hypertrophy in Women with Periodized Resistance
    Training
  • Kraemer et al. (2004). Medicine Science in
    Sports Exercise

26
Concurrent TrainingSUMMARY
Concurrent Training ability to maintain or
improve lean muscle mass and decrease fat
mass Good for people whose goal is to Reduce
body-fat
Goal Improve Aerobic Capabilities
Goal Improve Maximal Strength
27
PeriodizationWhat is it? How started it?
  • Great reference book
  • Periodization Theory and Methodology of Training
  • Tudor Bompa, PhD
  • Most research within the field of resistance
    training NOT endurance trainingdo the results
    apply to all disciplines?
  • 1965, Russian scientist Matveyev adapted the
    Selye GAS model to be used within the sport
    scienes

28
PeriodizationThe Basic Principle
  • High Volume, Low Intensity ? Low Volume, High
    Intensity

PEAK
FOUNDATION TRAINING
29
PeriodizationMatveyevs Training Phases (and
subphases)
SUB-PHASE
General volume high/intensity low Goal to
prepare the athlete for more Intense
sport-specific training later on
Specific volume reduced/intensity raised
Pre-Competition early season games Competitions
that are not primary focus
Main Competition the major games or championship
events
Maintenance team sports, intensity dropped to
same level of specific phase
30
PeriodizationMatveyevs Training Phases (and
subphases)
31
PeriodizationModels
  • Linear Model classical approach where intensity
    and volume remain consistent throughout the
    entire subphase (mesocycle)
  • Nonlinear (undulating) Model vaired approach
    where intensity and volume fluctuate throughout
    the subphase
  • Why might this be an effective approach?
  • For team sports, this approach might allow a
    lighter weight lifting program pre-game as a
    maintenance session
  • This approach puts an emphasis on competition
    DURING the training period and limits any
    potential overtraining that could occur
  • Research Article 2 Physiological Changes with
    Periodized Resistance Training in Women Tennis
    Players
  • Kraemer et al. (2003). Medicine Science in
    Sports Exercise

32
PeriodizationEfficacy
  • Few studies have examined the efficacy of a
    periodized training approach as opposed to a
    non-periodized
  • More studies focus on the manipulation of APV
    during a periodized training approach
  • Significant strength gains have been shown from
    both training protocols, however, it appears that
    a periodized approach elicits greater strength
    changes and motor-performance improvements
  • This is DEPENDENT on the training age of
    participant
  • Novice resistance training participants may
    benefit just as much from a non-periodized
    approach until a certain level of strength is
    achieved
  • Summary of Research Articles (Table 11.2 pg 136)

33
PeriodizationGeneric Examples Footbal Player
34
PeriodizationGeneric Examples Track Athlete
(Throws)
35
PeriodizationGeneric Examples (from text)
Distance Runner
125 miles
63 miles
36
Periodizationfrom Macrocycle ? Microcycle
  • Macrocycle large training period
  • Phase prep, competitive, transition
  • USATF proposes 4 phases
  • General Prep
  • Specific Prep
  • Pre-Comp
  • Main Comp
  • Mesocycle sub-phases (typically 3-6 weeks in
    duration)
  • Microcycle typically 1-2 weeks in duration
  • Session combination of 4-6 units combined
  • Unit specific element of a workout session

37
PeriodizationHow to develop your own?
  • Key Questions
  • What is the major goal of training program?
  • Team sport
  • Individual sport
  • One peak (monocycle)
  • Two peaks
  • Three peaks (ex. cross country, indoor, outdoor)
  • What is the training age/background of athlete?
  • How to evaluate both volume and intensity?
  • A linear model or a nonlinear model?
  • Best to work backwards

38
PeriodizationPlanning
  • Planning is not a novelty, and neither is it a
    Russian discovery as some enthusiasts proclaim.
    In simple forms, planning has existed since the
    ancient Olympic Games. Flavius Philostratus (AD
    170-245) wrote several manuals on the planning
    and training of the Greek Olympians, most of
    which have been destroyed. His surviving
    manuals, Handbook for the Athletics Coach and
    Gymnasticus, teach how to train for competitions
    including the importance for recovery. He also
    mentioned the type of knowledge a coach should
    have He should be a psychiatrist with
    considerable knowledge in anatomy and heritage
  • Boppa (1999)
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