Fort Lewis Mesa Fire PD

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Welcome

• Fort Lewis Mesa Fire PD
• Engineers Course

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Responsibility

• Most important job on the fire ground
• Must be familiar with pumping operations
• Attack Engine
• Relay pumping
• Drafting

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Responsibility

• Must be able to work under stress
• Must be capable of calculating and operating
  pumps pressures of various scenarios
• Must have the trust of working crews operating
  lines from your truck
• Dont be the weakest link in the operation

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Course Objectives

• Operating Emergency Vehicles
• Positioning Emergency Vehicles
• Properties of Water
• Fire Hose Nozzles and Flow Rates
• Fire Ground Calculations
• Fire Pump Theory
• Operating Fire Pumps

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Operating an Emergency Vehicle

• Number one job of all operators
• Arrive on scene safely
• 15-20 of all Firefighter injuries and deaths are
  caused by vehicle collisions while responding to,
  or returning from calls
• This equates to 25 Firefighter deaths per year on
  average

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Operating an Emergency Vehicle

• Use Common Sense when driving to a call
• Keep in mind
• Nature of the call
• Weather conditions
• Road conditions, type of surface
• Traffic, and traffic patterns
• Condition of the vehicle you are driving

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Defensive Driving Techniques

• Aim high in steering Find a safe path well ahead
• Get the big picture Stay back and see it all
• Keep your eyes moving Scan, do not stare
• Leave yourself an out Expect the unexpected
• Make sure others see and hear you Stop at
  intersections when entering against a stop sign,
  do not out run your sirens

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Defensive Driving Techniques

• Know your vehicle
• Each vehicle is different, be familiar with it
• Weight of the vehicle
• Stopping capability of your vehicle
• Condition of your vehicle
• Half tank vs full tank

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BREAK

• 10 MINUTES

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Positioning Emergency Vehicles

• For incident control to be achieved efficiently
  and safely, apparatus must be positioned so that
  its use can be maximized.

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Positioning Apparatus - Structure

• Begins with size up upon entering the scene
• Dont position apparatus downwind or downhill if
  possible
• Dont position too far or too close
• Dont position in the collapse zone
• If positioned on a roadway do not totally block
  the road

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Positioning Apparatus - MVA

• Begins with scene size up
• If in an Engine or Rescue park the vehicle on an
  angle toward center line to deflect vehicles and
  protect the scene from oncoming traffic
• Try to keep one lane open
• Dont be afraid to shut down the roadway if
  necessary
• Maximize your position, if possible uphill
  upwind

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Positioning Apparatus Wild Land

• Scene size up
• Know your escape route
• Know your safety zone
• Back your vehicle into position
• Be aware of changes in fire movement and or
  behavior
• Know your trucks capability

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Water

• Water weighs 8.35 pounds per gallon
• 1 cubic foot of water weighs 62.5 pounds
• Water is incompressible and noncombustible
• Water coverts to steam at 212 degrees
• Two ways water extinguishes fire, cooling and
  smothering

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Water

• If all water is converted to steam, 1 gallon of
  water can absorb 9,346 BTU of heat
• Example Fog nozzle, 100 GPM discharge, it can
  absorb 934,600 BTU of heat per minute, if all of
  the water is converted to steam
• Water expands when converted to steam and is able
  to expand 1700 times

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Steam

• Occupies 1700 times the original volume
• Absorbs more heat faster, cooling fuel below
  ignition temperature
• Displaces hot gases, smoke, and other products of
  combustion
• In some cases may smother fire by oxygen exclusion

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Specific Gravity

• The density of liquids in relation to water is
  known as specific gravity.
• Water is given a value of 1
• Liquids less than 1 are lighter than water
• Liquids greater than 1 are heavier than water
• Most flammable liquids are lighter than water,
  specific gravity is less than 1

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Vapor Density

• The density of vapor in relation to air
• Ambient air 1
• The vapor density of propane is greater than 1
  and settles to low spots
• The vapor density of natural gas is less than 1
  and dissipates into the open environment
• Gas vapors will overwhelm the engine that may
  cause ignition

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Pressure - Natural

• Two types of natural pressure exerted by water
• Head pressure, The height of the water supply
  above the discharge orifice
• Atmospheric pressure, At sea level 14.7 pounds,
  also known as standard atmospheric pressure.
  Above 1,000 ft of elevation pressure decreases
  0.5 psi for every 1,000 ft. Any pressure less
  than atmospheric pressure is called vacuum.

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Friction Loss

• Friction loss is that part of the total pressure
  lost while forcing water through fire hose and
  adapters.

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Friction loss

• Friction is caused by
• Movement of water molecules against each other
• Linings of the fire hose
• Sharp bends
• Change in hose size
• Adapters and appliances
• Age or condition of hose

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Friction loss

• How we can reduce friction loss
• Reduce hose length
• Increase hose size, diameter
• Remove kinks or bends

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Water Hammer

• Caused by weight and velocity of water moving
  through a pipe or hose. By stopping water
  quickly, the energy surge is transmitted in the
  opposite direction at many times the original
  pressure.
• Always open and close gates, valves and nozzles
  slowly

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Break

• Take 10

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Nozzles

• Solid Stream- Hand Held
• Use for reach and penetration
• Up to 300 GPM
• Nozzle pressure 50 psi
• Must know orifice size to determine GPM
• 29.7 x d squared x square root NP GPM

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Example for solid stream

• 1 tip operating at 50 psi
• 200ft 2 ½ hose
• 29.7 x 1 x 7.07 210 GPM
• 16 lbs (fl) 50 68 psi pump pressure

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Nozzles

• Fog Nozzle
• Used in a variety of patterns
• From straight to wide fog
• Nozzle pressure- 100 psi

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Pre-Set Nozzle Pressures

• Using an 1 3/4 attack line, 150 ft.
• 100 GPM, pump 100 psi
• 150 GPM, pump 135 psi
• 200 GPM, pump 170 psi

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Pre-Set Nozzle Pressures

• Using an 1 ¾ attack line, 200 ft.
• 100 GPM, pump 115 psi
• 150 GPM, pump 155 psi
• 200 GPM, pump 195 psi

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Nozzles

• Piercing nozzle
• Used for penetrating inaccessible areas
• With 150 ft. 13/4 hose pump at 135 psi

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Fire Ground Calculations

• How to calculate needed fire flow
• Length x width divided by 3
• Example Fully involved structure is
• 30 x 40 1200 sq. ft.
• 1200 divided by 3 400 GPM
• Each exposure add 25

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Fire Ground Calculations

• Fog Nozzles
• 100 psi all fog nozzles
• Smooth Bore Nozzles
• Hand held 50 psi
• Stationary 80 psi

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Fire Ground Calculations

• Friction Loss
• 1 ¾ hose line 15 pounds per 100 ft
• 1 ½ hose line 25 pounds per 100 ft
• 2 ½ attack or supply line use drop 10 or hand
  method, must know GPM
• 3 supply line drop 10 or hand method must know
  GPM

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Fire Ground Calculations

• To calculate needed fire flow per line
• Size of line
• Length of line
• Type of nozzle
• GPM

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Fire Ground Calculations

• Drop 10 method
• 300 GPM
• 10 of 300 30
• Drop 10 from 30 20
• 20 pounds of friction loss per 100 ft of 2 ½
  hose line
• This method is good for 160 GPM up to 300 GPM 2
  ½ hose line

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Drop 10 Method
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Fire Ground Calculations

• Hand Method
• For 3 hose, finger tips are constant 1 thru 10,
  2 hands
• For 2 ½ hose, finger tips are constant 2-10,
• using only one hand
• Base of fingers are for GPM
• Good for 2 ½, 3, 4 and 5 hose

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Fire Ground Calculations

• For 4 hose, use hand Method on 3, divide total
  by 4 net friction loss
• For 5 hose, use hand Method on 3, divide total
  by 15 net friction loss

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Fire Ground Calculations

• Supply one truck to another,
• Friction loss plus 50 pounds
• Receiving Engine
• Must maintain 20 psi intake from supply engine

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Fire Ground Calculations

• Dont forget elevation difference,
• Pumping uphill,
• add 5 psi for every 10 ft
• Pumping downhill,
• subtract 5 psi for every 10 ft

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Fire Pump Theory
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Fire Pump Theory
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Drafting
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Drafting
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Drafting
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Drafting

• Things to consider for draft set up
• Lift distance from water surface to center of
  pump
• 70 of the pump capacity remains with a 15 ft
  lift
• 60 of the pump capacity remains with a 20 ft
  lift
• Based on less than 1,000 ft elevation

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Calculating Adequate Source

• Formula for amount of water, swimming pool,
  static source
• Length x Width x Avg. Depth Cubic Ft.
• 1 cubic ft. of water 7.5 Gallons
• Example 10 x 10 x 10 1,000 cubic ft.
• 1,000 cu. Ft. 7,500 gallons of water

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Calculating Adequate Source

• Formula for adequate water, stream
• Q A x V x 7.5
• Q Flow in GPM
• A Area in square ft. ( width x depth )
• V Velocity in ft. per minute
• 7.5 Gallons per ft. cubed

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Example for streams

• 10 Ft. wide, avg. depth 2 ft. flowing 15 ft per
  minute
• Q A x V x 7.5
• 10 x 2 x 15 300 cu ft
• 300 cu ft x 7.5 2250
• 2,250 gallons per minute of available water

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Any Questions or Comments
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Thank you for your participation

• See you on Saturday 0900