Grammar

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INTRODUCTION
2
INTRODUCTION

• Grammar Questions

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Pretest
Number from 1 to 10 on a piece of paper
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INTRODUCTION

• Which is correct . . . and why?
• A. The book belongs to I and Bob.
• B. The book belongs to Bob and I.
• C. The book belongs to Bob and me.
• D. The book belongs to me and Bob.

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INTRODUCTION

• Is a double negative, such as in I dont have
  no homework grammatically correct?
• Why or why not?

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INTRODUCTION

• 3. Is using aint grammatically correct?
• Why or why not?

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INTRODUCTION

• 4. What is a verb?

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INTRODUCTION

• 5. What is a noun?

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• QUESTION 6 . . .

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How Do You Go to School Other Than by Walking?
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How Do You Go to School?
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How Do You Go to School?
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How Do You Go to School?
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How Do You Go to School?
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How Do You Go to School?
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How Do You Go to School?
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How Do You Go to School?
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• QUESTION 7 . . .

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Ever Flown in an Airplane?
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• QUESTION 8 . . .

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Ever Use a Computer?
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• QUESTION 9 . . .

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Ever Use a Cell Phone?
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• QUESTION 10 . . .

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What do you use to write?
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Lets answer the questions
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The Three Parts of Grammar

• Grammar reflects

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The Three Parts of Grammar

• Grammar reflects

• Courtesy

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The Three Parts of Grammar

• Grammar reflects

• Courtesy
• Syntax

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The Three Parts of Grammar

• Grammar reflects

• Courtesy
• Syntax
• Reality

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Grammar
What Grammar is Not
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Grammar

• Rules

What Grammar is Not
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Grammar

• Rules
• Exceptions
• to Rules

What Grammar is Not
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Grammar

• Rules
• Exceptions
• to Rules
• Complicated

What Grammar is Not
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Grammar

• Rules
• Exceptions
• to Rules
• Complicated

Real Grammar Is
What Grammar is Not
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Grammar

• Rules
• Exceptions
• to Rules
• Complicated

Real Grammar Is
What Grammar is Not
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Grammar

• Rules
• Exceptions
• to Rules
• Complicated

Real Grammar Is
What Grammar is Not
?Simple
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Grammar

• Rules
• Exceptions
• to Rules
• Complicated

Real Grammar Is
What Grammar is Not
?Simple ? Logical
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Grammar

• Rules
• Exceptions
• to Rules
• Complicated

Real Grammar Is
What Grammar is Not
?Simple ? Logical ? Usually Just Common Sense
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Grammar

• Rules
• Exceptions
• to Rules
• Complicated

Real Grammar Is
What Grammar is Not
?Simple ? Logical ? Usually Just Common Sense ?
Often Based on Courtesy
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Pretest

• Which is correct . . . and why?
• The book belongs to I and Bob.
• The book belongs to Bob and I.
• The book belongs to Bob and me.
• The book belongs to me and Bob.

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Courtesy

• Which is correct . . . and why?
• The book belongs to I and Bob.

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Pretest

• Which is correct . . . and why?
• The book belongs to me and Bob.

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Pretest

• Which is correct . . . and why?
• The book belongs to Bob and I.
• The book belongs to Bob and me.

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INTRODUCTION

• PART TWO

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INTRODUCTION

• Syntax

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THE THREE PARTS OF GRAMMAR

• COURTESY

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THE THREE PARTS OF GRAMMAR

• COURTESY
• SYNTAX

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THE THREE PARTS OF GRAMMAR

• COURTESY
• SYNTAX
• REALITY

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PRETEST

• Which is correct . . . and why?
• A. The book belongs to I and Bob.
• B. The book belongs to Bob and I.
• C. The book belongs to Bob and me.
• D. The book belongs to me and Bob.

51
PRETEST

• Which is correct . . . and why?
• A. The book belongs to I and Bob.
• B. The book belongs to Bob and I.
• C. The book belongs to Bob and me.
• D. The book belongs to me and Bob.

52
PRETEST

• Which is correct . . . and why?
• B. The book belongs to Bob and I.
• C. The book belongs to Bob and me.
• D. The book belongs to me and Bob.

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PRETEST

• Which is correct . . . and why?
• B. The book belongs to Bob and I.
• C. The book belongs to Bob and me.

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• What is grammar?

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Two Riddles

• What is the most complex thing we ever learnyet
  almost everyone learns it easily?

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Two Riddles

• What can almost all five-year-olds do easily that
  adults struggle to do?

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The Answer?
Speak and learn language
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Language Learning
Linguists have only begun to understand language.

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Language Learning
Language is far more complex than most math and
physics.
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What is Language?

• The sounds we make that others recognize as words

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What is Language?

• How we form words

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What is Language?

• How situations influence the words we use

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What is Language?

• What by peoples agreement the words mean in the
  first place

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What is Language?

• The order of words syntax

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What is Language?

• Syntax is the most important part of language.

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Syntax

• ?sun mountain the up behind is the coming

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Syntax

• ?sun mountain the up behind is the coming

The sun is coming up behind the mountain.
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How Do Children Learn Language?
We do not learn syntax through imitation.
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How Do Children Learn Language?
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How Do Children Learn Language?
All experiments to teach language through
imitation have failed.
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How Do Children Learn Language?
All experiments to teach language through
imitation have failed.
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Syntax Precedes Diction
Syntax Melody Diction Lyrics
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Where Does Syntax Come From?
vs.
Noam Chomsky
Terrance Deacon
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Where Does Syntax Come From?
We are hard-wired for syntax.
Noam Chomsky
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Where Does Syntax Come From?
We learn syntax in infancy.
Terrance Deacon
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Where Does Syntax Come From?
That explains about adults and language learning.

Terrance Deacon
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Syntax and Motherhood
Alfred Tomatis
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Syntax and Motherhood
Alfred Tomatis
Children learn syntax in the womb.
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Syntax and Motherhood
Alfred Tomatis
Women talk to their unborn children.
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Why Is This Important?

• All languages have similar structures.

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Why Is This Important?

• Language reflects how the brain works.

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Why Is This Important?

• Syntax is natural.

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Why Is This Important?

• For example . . .

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Which is Correct?
The book belongs to Bob and I.
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We naturally know the answer
The book belongs to me.
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We naturally know the answer
The book belongs to me.
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We naturally know the answer
The book belongs to Bob and me.
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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION

• History of Grammar

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Ever Flown in an Airplane?
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Ever Use a Computer?
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Ever Use a Cell Phone?
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The 21st Century
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What do you use to write?
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The 21st Century
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The 21st Century
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The 21st Century
Why use a method of learning grammar that is 200
years old . . .
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The 21st Century
One that is based on incorrect ideas about
language . . .
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The 21st Century
. . . and that is often wrong even today?
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A Little Grammar History
1700s The Industrial Revolution
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The Inksters
Samuel Johnson
Joseph Priestley
Jonathan Swift
vs.
vs.
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The Inksters
Jonathan Swift
The Inksters did not want language change.
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The Inksters
Jonathan Swift
He was the leading inkster
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The Inksters
Jonathan Swift
He wrote Gullivers Travels.
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The Inksters
Joseph Priestley
Scientist and an early linguist. He discovered
oxygen. .
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The Inksters
Samuel Johnson
Wrote the first dictionary.
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The Inksters
Samuel Johnson
An Inkster, but he felt that language would
change.
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Swift won the debate.
Samuel Johnson
Joseph Priestley
Jonathan Swift
vs.
vs.
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We now know that Priestly was right.
Samuel Johnson
Joseph Priestley
Jonathan Swift
vs.
vs.
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Rules of the Universe vs. Rules of Grammar
Sir Isaac Newton also had a huge impact on early
grammar theories.
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Rules of the Universe vs. Rules of Grammar
Sir Isaac Newton postulated that there are three
laws to the universe
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Rules of the Universe vs. Rules of Grammar
Grammarians reasoned that language also can be
reduced to a few universal laws.
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Rules of the Universe vs. Rules of Grammar
It is true that language can be reduced to
universal laws.
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Rules of the Universe vs. Rules of Grammar
However, linguistics was in its infancy in the
1700s.
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Rules of the Universe vs. Rules of Grammar
Grammarians had little training in the
science of language.
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1762 Bishop Robert Lowth

• In 1762 Robert Lowth wrote a book on grammar.

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1762 Bishop Robert Lowth

• In 1762 Robert Lowth wrote a book on grammar.
• He was not a linguist.

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1762 Bishop Robert Lowth

• He was a clergyman and therefore expert in Latin.

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1762 Bishop Robert Lowth

• He said that

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1762 Bishop Robert Lowth

• You cannot end a sentence in a preposition

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Ending a Sentence with a Preposition

• That is something up with
• which I will not put
• --Winston Churchill

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Ending a Sentence with a Preposition

• Ill walk to see her if I have to .

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1762 Bishop Robert Lowth

• Latin Rules!

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1762 Bishop Robert Lowth

• Latin Rules!
• He also said that

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• Do two negatives make a positive?

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• Do two negatives make a positive?
• YES IN MATH

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• Do two negatives make a positive?
• YES IN MATH
• NOT IN ENGLISH

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• Who determines good grammar?

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• Who determines good grammar?
• Shakespeare used double negatives all the
  time

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• Is a double negative such as I dont have no
  homework grammatically correct?

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• Is a double negative such as I dont have no
  homework grammatically correct?
• YES

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• Is a double negative such as I dont have no
  homework grammatically correct?
• YES
• It is grammatically correct

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• Is a double negative such as I dont have no
  homework grammatically correct?
• YES
• It is grammatically correct
• but socially incorrect

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THERE WAS ONLYONE PROBLEM

• Bishop Lowth Was Wrong

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THERE WAS ONLYONE PROBLEM

• Bishop Lowth Was Wrong
• He was not a linguist

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THERE WAS ONLYONE PROBLEM

• Bishop Lowth Was Wrong
• He was not a linguist
• He thought that Hebrew was the language of Adam
  and Eve and that Latin is based on Hebrew

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THERE WAS ONLYONE PROBLEM

• Bishop Lowth Was Wrong
• He was not a linguist
• He thought that Hebrew was the language of Adam
  and Eve

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THERE WAS ONLYONE PROBLEM

• Bishop Lowth Was Wrong
• He was not a linguist
• He thought that Hebrew was the language of Adam
  and Eve
• He thought that Latin is based on Hebrew

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THERE WAS ONLYONE PROBLEM

• Bishop Lowth Was Wrong
• He was not a linguist
• He thought that Hebrew was the language of Adam
  and Eve
• He thought that Latin is based on Hebrew
• He thought that English is based on Latin

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• Is aint grammatically correct?
• YES

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• 1770s
• contractions enter the language
• do not dont
• cannot cant
• I am Im
• are not arent

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• Im first in line, arent I?
• do not dont
• cannot cant

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• I am first in line, are I not?

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• I am first in line, am I not?

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• I am first in line, aint not?

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• aint am I not

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Aint

• Social Registers

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Aint

• Social Registers Using language appropriate to a
  given situation.

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Aint

• Social Registers Using language appropriate to a
  given situation.

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Aint

• Social Registers Using language appropriate to a
  given situation.

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• Is aint grammatically
• correct or incorrect?

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• Is aint grammatically
• correct or incorrect?
• It is grammatically correct

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• Is aint grammatically
• correct or incorrect?
• It is grammatically correct
• and sometimes socially correct.

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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION

• Reality

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The Three Parts of Grammar
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The Three Parts of Grammar

• COURTESY

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The Three Parts of Grammar

• SYNTAX

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The Three Parts of Grammar

• REALITY

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Pretest

• 4. What is a verb?

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What is a Verb?

• An action word.

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What is a Verb?

• Verb Action Word

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What is a Verb?

• Most verbs we use are not action words

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What is a Verb?

• Most verbs we use are not action words
• is, was
• are, were
• could, should, would

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What is a Verb?

• They __________.
• It _____________.

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What is a Verb?

• They go.
• They exist.
• They are.
• It goes.
• It exists.
• It is.

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Pretest

• 5. What is a noun?

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What is a Noun?
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What is a Noun?

• A person, place, thing, or idea

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What is a Noun?

• Define idea.

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What is a Noun?

• Define concept.

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What is a Noun?

• Define thought and name its part of speech

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What is a Noun?

• A thought is
• an idea.
• It is a noun

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What is a Noun?

• The __________
• The (person, place, thing, or idea) named
  ___________

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What is a Noun?

• The cat
• The person named Fred
• The thing named Fred Meyer
• The place named Los Angeles

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Singular vs. Plural

• 5. What is a plural?

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What is a Plural?

• A noun that ends in s or es

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What is a Plural?

• A noun that ends in s or es?

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What is a Plural?

• men

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What is a Plural?

• women

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What is a Plural?

• children

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What is a Plural?

• salmon
• deer
• moose

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What is a Plural?

• lens

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NO EXCEPTIONS!
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(No Transcript)
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S Verbs
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S Verbs

• Almost all singular verbs end in s.

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S Verbs

• Remember
• Singular S

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S Verbs

• Almost all singular verbs end in what letter?

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S Verbs

• Almost all singular verbs end in s.
• Remember
• Singular S

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• Which sentence on the next slide corresponds
  with the picture?

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• the two men were skating

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• the two men were skating
• the two men was skating

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• s verbs singular

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• s verbs singular
• Verbs that end in s are singular

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• verbS Singular

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• Simply remember
• verbS Singular

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• s verbs singular
• Verbs that end in s are singular
• Simply remember
• verbS Singular

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• Therefore, verbs that do not end in s are plural

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• the two men were skating

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• the two men were skating
• the two men was skating

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• the two men were skating
• were plural
• the two men was skating
• was singular

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• the two men were skating

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• Does/Do either of the candidates have a chance
  to win the election?

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• Does/Do either of the candidates have a chance
  to win the election?

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• either of the candidates

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• either ONE of the candidates

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• either

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• either _____ of the candidates

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• either two of the candidates

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• ? either two of the candidates

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• either six of the candidates

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• ? either six of the candidates

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• either one of the candidates

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• either singular

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• either singular

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• either singular

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• Simply remember
• verbS Singular

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• Does either

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GRAMMAR AND REALITY

• Does either of the candidates have a chance to
  win the election?

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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION

• Grammar for the 21st Century

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LESSON 1.6

• Rules vs. Tools

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Two Ways of Looking at Grammar in Writing
Rules
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Two Ways of Looking at Grammar in Writing
Tools
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Two Ways of Looking at Grammar in Writing
Rules
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Two Ways of Looking at Grammar in Writing
Rules
Rules are concepts that must be memorized.
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Two Ways of Looking at Grammar in Writing
Rules

• Rules are concepts that must be memorized.
• They are sometimes wrong.

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Two Ways of Looking at Grammar in Writing
Rules

• Rules are concepts that must be memorized.
• You must memorize them exactly.

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Two Ways of Looking at Grammar in Writing
Rules

• Rules are concepts that must be memorized.
• You must know all the rules to use them correctly.

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Two Ways of Looking at Grammar in Writing
Tools
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Two Ways of Looking at Grammar in Writing
Tools
Tools are logical expressions.
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Two Ways of Looking at Grammar in Writing
Tools
Tools are logical expressions. Like figuring
out math
234
Two Ways of Looking at Grammar in Writing
Tools
For example . . .
235

• When do you use
• And when do you use whom?

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Who vs. Whom

• Traditional Grammar
• Use whom in the objective case

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Who vs. Whom

• Traditional Grammar
• Use whom in the objective case

• Traditional Grammar
• Use who in the nominative case

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• When do you use
• And when do you use whom?

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• When do you use
• And when do you use whom?
• Just remember the candy
• MM

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Who vs. Whom

• Whom him
• (or them)

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Who vs. Whom

• Whom him
• (or them)
• Who he

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Who vs. Whom

• Restate the idea as a usual sentence

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Who vs. Whom

• Insert him or he where you would usually put it.

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Who vs. Whom

• Who/Whom is getting married?

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Who vs. Whom

• Who/Whom is getting married?
• He is getting married.

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Who vs. Whom

• Who/Whom is getting married?
• He is getting married.
• Who is getting married?

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Who vs. Whom

• Who/Whom is the package for?

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Who vs. Whom

• Who/Whom is the package for?
• ?He is the package for.

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Who vs. Whom

• Who/Whom is the package for?
• ?He is the package for.
• Him is the
• package for.

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Who vs. Whom

• Who/Whom is the package for?
• Is the package for him?

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Who vs. Whom

• Who/Whom is the package for?
• Whom is the package for?

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Who vs. Whom

• If he and him fit . . .

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Who vs. Whom

• . . . then the answer usually will be who.

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Who vs. Whom

• Give the ball to (whoever, whomever)
• is the best shot

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Who vs. Whom

• Give the ball to him.

256
Who vs. Whom

• Give the ball to him.
• He is the best shot.

257
Who vs. Whom

• Both he and him fit.

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Who vs. Whom

• So the answer is who.

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Who vs. Whom

• Give the ball to whoever
• is the best shot.