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• 'Whats the difference? did not ask for
  difference but meant instead I dont give damn
  what the difference is. The same grammatical
  pattern engenders two different meanings that are
  mutually exclusive the literal meaning asks for
  the concept difference whose existence is denied
  by the figurative meaning. . . . Grammar allows
  us to ask the question, but the sentence by means
  of which we ask it may deny the very possibility
  of asking. For what is the use of asking, I ask,
  when we cannot even authoritatively decide
  whether a question asks or doesnt ask? . . . The
  point is as follows. A perfectly clear
  syntactical paradigm (the question) engenders a
  sentence that has at least two meanings, one
  which asserts and the other which denies its own
  illocutionary mode. It is not so that there are
  simply two meanings, one literal and the other
  figural, and that we have to decide which one of
  these meanings is the right one in this
  particular situation. The confusion can only be
  cleared up by the intervention of an
  extra-textual intervention, such as Archie Bunker
  putting his wife straight but the very anger he
  displays is indicative of more than impatience
  it reveals his despair when confronted with a
  structure of linguistic meaning that he cannot
  control and that holds the discouraging prospect
  of an infinity of similar future confusions.
• Paul de Man Semiology and Rhetoric (1973)

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Why the Author Cannot Explain a Work

• Questions about who actually wrote a work
  Shakespeares plays, for example
• Intentions Did an author want to make a point or
  merely provide sell a text for hire?
• Does the author lie?
• Has the author gone insane?
• Has the author changed his or her mind?

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Aporia

• Rather than tear down prevailing views in order
  to replace it with new and improved versions,
  deconstruction expands observation into
  interstitial places. These methods replace simple
  binary oppositions with complex discussion of
  issues.
• For example, people can consider problems of a
  capitalist economy without having to decide that
  communism must be better. Obviously, the reverse
  holds true, as well.

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Step 1 Identify a Binary Opposition
1.Agt Notice what a particular text or school of
thought takes to be natural, normal,
self-evident, originary, immediately apparent, or
worthy of pursuit or emulation
group x (whites, middle class, Americans, etc.)
is inherently virtuous group x (darker
skinned people, youths, etc.) is natural and
spontaneous men are naturally x (rational,
aggressive, desirous of women, etc.) women are
naturally x (nurturing, connected to the earth,
etc.) everybody knows that x is true
everybody wants x, it is natural to want x, x is
an inherent trait of human nature
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Step 1 continued Identify a Binary Opposition
1.Bgt Notice those places where a text is most
insistent that there is a firm and fast
distinction between two things
men and women, black and white, straight and
gay, subject and object x precedes y (text
interpretation, Adam Eve, heterosexuality
homosexuality) x is more natural than y
(female male, heterosexuality
homosexuality) y is derivative of x or a
perversion of x (Miltons Satan Christ, normal
sex fetishes, criticism fiction) y has a
parasitic relation to x (fiction truth,
criticism fiction, interpretation text) x
is original and y is imitative (the book the
movie, life heaven) y is a manifestation or
effect of x (culture economics, surface deep
structure, gender anatomy, practice theory).
y is an exception or special case and x is the
rule
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Step 2 Deconstruct The Opposition
2.A gt Show how something represented as primary,
complete originary is derived, composite,
and/or an effect of something else.
Because writers always write in relation to
prior writers they learn about in school, fiction
is a result of criticism. It depends on
criticism, and is derived from criticism. Our
sense of Winnie the Pooh when we read books about
him is shaped by our memories of the movies. The
voices we hear when we read are the movie voices,
and the original text is partially an effect of
the movie. Because consciousness is actually
self-consciousness, (i.e. a self and a
consciousness) consciousness is always already
divided, never simply present to itself.
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Step 2 continued Deconstruct The Opposition
and/or 2.Bgt Show how something represented as
completely different from something else only
exists by virtue of defining itself against that
something else. In other words, show how it
depends on that thing. For example
Mulder and Scully do not so much pursue the
Truth as uncover errors. If they ever find the
whole truth, the show will end.
Heterosexual only makes sense when opposed to
homosexual. Without homosexuals, there would be
no heterosexuals. Truth depends on error.
Without the concept of error, truth does not
exist.
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Step 2 continued Deconstruct The Opposition
and/or 2.Cgt Show how something represented as
normal is a special case.
Truth is a story that people find especially
convincing. Normal sexual reproduction is
the result of several components that, taken
alone, would be called perversions. Thus normal
sex is in fact a specialized perversion.
Whiteness is an ethnicity that disguises the fact
its an ethnicity.
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The General Way It Works
In general, as Jonathan Culler puts it,
deconstruction works within an opposition, but
upsets its hierarchy by producing an exchange
of properties. This disrupts not only the
hierarchy, but the opposition itself. Note how
this is different than simply reversing an
opposition. For example consider these reversals
of a culturally prevalent opposition
The Pooh movies are better than the books
(reverses the usual assumption that the book is
better more original than the movie). The
Joker is cooler than Batman (reverses notion of
the hero). Women are smarter than men
(reverses chauvinistic common knowledge).
Native Americans are more heroic than cowboys
(reverses the Western).
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Reversal is a valuable move, but deconstruction
is after bigger game, because it deconstructs
the underlying hierarchy. For example
Our sense of Pooh books is derived from the
movies, Batman is a special kind of villain
called a vigilante Mens sense of their
intelligence is dependent on a belief that women
are bimbos Cowboy heroism cannot exist
without bad Indians.
Notice how these statements cripple the
underlying hierarchy by deconstructing the
opposition that it depends on. Deconstruction
doesnt simply reverse the opposition, nor does
it destroy it. Instead it demonstrates its
inherent instability. It takes it apart from
within, and without putting some new, more stable
opposition in its place. If you want to really
mess with something, deconstruct it.
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A Note On Practicalities
Stanley Fish Professor of Law Florida
International University

• In Stanleys Fishs words, we can deconstruct
  anything in theory, but not in everyday practice.
  The fact that in principle we can deconstruct
  anything doesnt mean that we can deconstruct
  everything, all the time, and still communicate.
  We can, however, deconstruct things that annoy
  us, point out where a text already deconstructs
  an opposition, focus on oppositions authors and
  poets try (often with difficulty) to keep intact,
  and gain insight into how our own sense of
  ourselves (as well as the way the culture tries
  to interpret us) depends on oppositions that can
  be deconstructed.

Text by Warren Hedges, Southern Oregon
University, 1997