ΙΣΠΑΝΟΙ - ΠΟΡΤΟΓΑΛΟΙ,ΕΙΡΗΝΗ ΤΕΡΖΑΚΗ-ΟΡΕΣΤΗΣ ΠΑΥΛΑΚΗΣ

1
?spa??? ?a? ???t?????? ?a? ? Ge???t???a t??
p??????µß?a??? ?a??
?????? ?e????? ???st?? ?a??????
2
?e??e??µe?a

• ? 15?? a???a? ?.?
  .....3
• 2. ?? ßas??e?? t?? ??t???? ......................
  ..................................................
  ....................4
• 3. ????a.....
  ................9
• 4. ??t???at???a t?? ???a?
  ..11
• 5. ????p? 15?? a???a?
  ......................14
• 6. ?a ????t?a p?? ???sa? t??? ????pa???? sta
  µe???a ?pe?at?a?t??? ta??d?a.....15
• 7. ?a te????? µ?sa p?? ??a?a? ta ?pe?at?a?t???
  ta??d?a p?? ??????a ?a? asfa??..16
• 8. ?a e?e?e???t??? ta??d?a
  17
• 9. Fe?d????d?? ?a??e?????
  ..18
• 10. ???st?f???? ????µß??
  ..19
• 11. ?ata?t?t??
  27
• 12. Ge???t???a
  ..30
• 13. ??ß?????af?a
  .32

3
? 15?? a???a? µ.?.
?esa???a? (476-1492 µ.?) ???µ??eta? ? ???????
pe???d?? t?? ????pa???? ?st???a?, ap? t??
5? µ???? t?? 15? a???a µ.?.. ?e????se µe t??
?at???s? t?? ??t???? ??µa???? ???t??? (476 µ.?.)
? ?at' ?????? µe t?? ???at? t?? ???st???a???
?? (565 µ.?.), t?? a?t????t??a ?p? t?? ?p???
a?aß??se ? pa?a?? ?s??? ?a? ??tas? t?? ??µa????
??t???at???a? ?a? te?e??se s?µßat??? t? 1492
µ.?., µe t?? a?a?????? t?? ?µe?????.
4
???????µß?a??? ?a??
?? ßas??e?? t?? ??t????
? p???t?sµ?? t?? ??t????, ???st?? ?a? ??
p???t?sµ?? t?? ?e????, eµfa??st??e t?? 13? a???a
st?? pe????? p?? e??a? s?µe?a t? s???????
?e????. ?? ??t???? ?ta? µ?a µes?aµe???a????
????t???a ???st? ??a t?? pe??p???? ???????a, t??
p????µ??? ?e????a, t?? ?e????st? t???? ?a? t?
st?at??t??? t??? a?d?e?a. ? ?st???a t?? ??t????
e?te??eta? a??et??? a???e?, ap? t?? p???µ?
?ata???? t??? µ???? t?? te???? pt?s? t??? sta
????a t?? ?spa??? ?ata?t?t??. ???????e? µ?a
ep?s??p?s? t?? s?µa?t???te??? pe???d?? ?a?
?e????t?? st?? ?st???a t?? ??t????
5
??t????
1) ????µ?? ?es?aµe???a????? ????t?sµ?? (???? ap?
t?? 12? a???a) ???? ap? t?? ???d? t?? ??t????, ?
pe????? t?? ?es?aµe????? f????e???se d??f?????
p????µ????? p???t?sµ???, s?µpe???aµßa??µ???? t??
??µ???? ?a? t?? ???t????. ??t?? ?? ???????e?
??esa? ta ?eµ???a ??a p????? pt???? t??
p???t?sµ?? t?? ??t????, ?p?? ? ?e????a, ta
eµp????? d??t?a ?a? ?? ???s?e?t???? pep????se??.
2) ?t?s?
St?? 13 ?????st?? t?? 1521 ? p??te??sa t??
a?t???at???a? t?? ??t???? ?ata??f???e ap? ta
?spa???? st?ate?µata ?p? t?? ??es?a t?? ?????
???t??, s?µat?d?t??ta? ?ts? t? t???? µ?a? ep????
?a? t?? ???? µ?a? ????? ??a t? ?e????. ?a ?eµ???a
t?? ?e??ts?t??? ß??s???ta? t??a st?? ?a?d?? t??
p???ß???? µe?a???p???? t?? ????? t?? ?e????? ?a?
t?? p?ate?a? Zocalo. To ?e??ts?t??? id?????e t?
1325 µ.?. ?a? f?µ???ta? ??a t?? p???s??
p???t?sµ?, t??? µe?a??p?epe?? ?a??? t?? ??t????
?a? t? p????µ??? s?st?µa ?a?a????.
6
T??s?e?a
?? ??t???? p?ste?a? ?t? ?? a????p???s?e? ?ta?
apa?a?t?te? ??a t?? ?pa??? t?? ??sµ?? ?a? ??
a?t? ??s?a?a? ???e ????? pe??p?? d??a µe e???s?
?????de? ?t?µa se te?et??! ?? 1487 st? ?a?
Tenochtitlan ?????ta? µe t?? a?at??? t?? ?????
st?? ????f? t?? ?a??. ?a ??µata ?ta? ??????
??t?e?, a??µ???t?? p???µ??.


7

• ??t?? ap? t?? ?e? t?? ?????, ??s?e? ??a?a? ?a?
  st? ?e? t?? ?a?aµp?????. Se a?t? t?? pe??pt?s? ta
  ??µata ?ta? ?ea?? ????ts?a µe t? ?d??
  te?et???????. 
• St? ?e? t?? f?t???, ta ??µata ?p???e????ta? ?a
  p????? ??p??e?  ??s?e? p?? t??? ??a?a? ?a ??s???
  t?? a?s??se?? t??? ?a? µet? t??? ?????a? ???ta??
  st? f?t??.

• St? ?e? t?? ß????? ?p???a? pa?d?? p??? t?µ?? t??.
  ???? ap? t? ??s?a µ??e?a? ta d????a t?? pa?d???
  se ??pe??? ?a? ta af?????a? st?? ?e?.

• St?? ?e? t?? ??????? ta ??µata d????ta? se ??a
  p?a?s?? ?a? ta s??t??a? µe ß???. St? s????e?a
  t??? ??de??a? ?a? ?? ?e?e?? f????sa? t? d??µa
  t??? ??a e???s? µ??e?.

• ???? ?a? ? f??? t?? ????a ??a?e ??s?e?. ? p??
  ???st?? t??p?? a????p???s?a? ?ta? ?a ?e????????
  t?? ?a?d?? t?? ???ta??? ??µ?t?? t???.

8
???????a ?a? ????t?sµ??

•  ? ???????a t?? ??t???? ?ta? e?a??et???
  d?ast??µat?µ???, µe ??a? a?t????t??a st?? ????f?
  ?a? t??? e??e?e??, t??? ?e?e??, t??? p??eµ?st??,
  t??? eµp????? ?a? t??? ap???? p???te? ?a
  s??µat????? ?e????st?? ?????????? t??e??. ?
  ???s?e?a ?pa??e ?e?t???? ????, µe ??a p???e??
  ?e?? ?a? pe??te??a te?et???????. ?? ??t????
  d??p?e?a? se d??f??e? t???e?, ?p?? ? ???pt???, ?
  ?e?aµ???, ? ?fa?t??? ?a? ? fte??t?. ???pt??a?
  ep?s?? p????µ??e? ?e??????? p?a?t????,
  s?µpe???aµßa??µ???? t?? ???s?? ts???µpa? (p??t??
  ??p??).

9
????a?

• ?? ????a? e??a? ??a? ?a?? ??d????? t?? ?e?t?????
  ?µe?????.

• ???sa? st? ?es?aµe???? p?? pe??e??µßa?e t?
  ?e???? ?a? pe?????? t?? ?e?t????? aµe????? ?p?? ?
  G??ateµ??a , ? µpe???, ? ??d???a , ? ?e?s???s??
  G????at?? ?a? t? ?? Sa?ßad??

• ???? ap? t? ?at??t?s? t?? ?e????? ap?
  t??? ?spa???? ?? ????a e??a? a?apt??e? t??
  ?aµp??te?? p???t?sµ? t?? ??t???? ?µ?sfa?????. 

• ?s??????ta? µe t?? ?e????a, ??t??a?
  p??aµ?d?e?de?? ?a???, ?ate??????ta? t? ?a??? ?a?
  t? ???s?, ??????a? t?? ?fa?t?????a ?a?
  ???s?µ?p????sa? µ?a µ??f? ?e?????f???? ??af??.

• ?a a??a???????? µ??µe?a p?? d?as????a? µ???? t??
  µ??e? µa?, µa? ep?t??p??? ?a ß?????µe t?
  s?µp??asµa ?t? ? p???t?sµ?? t??? ?fta?e st?
  ep?ped? t?? pe??ss?te?? ???st?? p???t?sµ?? t??
  a??a??t?ta?, t?? ????da?, ????pt??, ??d?a? ?.?.

10
? e?af???s? t?? p???t?sµ?? ???? t?? ???as?a?
? ???as?a ???p?? ?d???se se eµf???? p??eµ?, ?
?p???? µe t? se??? t?? ?fe?e p???t??? ?at???e?s?,
a?a??????ta? t??? a????p??? ?a ?ataf????? se
µ????te???? ?a? asfa??ste???? ????sµ???.
?p??e? ? epaf? µe t??? ????pa???? t?? 16? a???a
?a ?ta? t? t???? t?? ????a, ?st?s? µ?a ??a ??e??a
???eta? ?a ?s????ste? p?? ? ?at???e?s? t??
p???t?sµ?? t??? ?e????se p??? ????te?a.
?e?et??ta? t?? p??te???sa t?? p???t?sµ?? t???,
t?? ?a??ap??, ß???a? p?? ? p???t?sµ?? t??? ????se
?a ?ata???e? ap? t?? 13? a???a ?a? ? ????? ?ta? ?
???as?a.
11
??t???at???a t?? ???a?

• ? p???t?sµ?? t?? ???a? ??µase st? a??a?? ?e???
  µeta?? 1400 ?a? 1533 µ.?. pe??p??. ? a?t???at???a
  t?? ???a? epe?t????e te???? st? d?t??? ??t?a
  ?µe???? ap? t? ??t? sta ß??e?a ??? t? Sa?t????
  sta ??t?a. ?ta? ? µe?a??te?? a?t???at???a p??
  ?p???e p?t? st?? aµe???a???? ?pe??? ?a? ?
  µe?a??te?? st?? ??sµ? e?e??? t?? ep???.

• ???te???sa ?ta? st? ???s?? st? s?µe???? ?e???

• ? ???µas?a ???a p?????eta? ap? t? ????? ???a?
  ?a? e?µ??e??ta? ?t? e??a? ap? t?? ???µas?a t??
  ?e?? ?????

12
T??s?e?a t?? ???a?
?? ???a? ?t?efa? µe???? seßasµ? ??a d??
pa?a??te???? p???t?sµ??? p?? e??a? ?ata??ße?
s?ed?? t?? ?d?a pe????? - t??? Wari ?a? Tiwanaku.
?p?? e?daµe, ?? t?p??es?e? t?? ?????a????? ?a?
t?? ??µ??? ??t????a ?pa??a? s?µa?t??? ???? st???
µ????? d?µ??????a? t?? ???a? ?a? ??' a?t? t???
t?µ??sa? ?d?a?te?a. ?? ??eµ??e? t?? ???a? ??a?a?
ta?t??? p??s????µata st? ?????a????? ?a? sta
??s?? t?? ??µ???, ?p?? ?t?st??a? d?? ?e?? ??a t??
??t?, t?? ?e? ???? ?a? ?p??tat? ?e?t?ta t??
???a?, ?a? t? ?e? t?? se????? Mama Kilya.
13
?t?s? ???a

• ?? ?spa??? ?ata?t?t?? p?? ?d??????a? ap?
  t?? F?a???s?? ??????? ?a? t??? ade?f??? t??,
  e?e?e???sa? ??t?a t?? ?a?aµ? ?a? ?f?asa? sta
  ed?f? t?? ???a t? 1526. ?ta? saf?? ?t? e??a?
  f??se? se ??a p???s?? ?daf?? µe t?? p???pt????
  t?? µe????? ??sa????, ?a? µet? ap? µ?a de?te??
  ap?st??? t?? ??????? (1529) µe ßas????? ?????s?
  ?at??t?se t?? pe?????.

• ? p??eµ?? a?t?? e??e ap?d??aµ?se? a??et? t??
  a?t???at???a. ?ta? ?t??? ?e????? ?t? ?? ?spa???
  ?f?asa? st? ap?????f?µa e??? eµf????? p???µ??. 

14
?? µetafe????µe st?? ????p? t?? 15 a???a µ.?.
? 15?? a???a? e??a? ? pe???d?? µeta?? t??
et?? 1401-1500 s?µf??a µe t? ?????a?? ?µe???????.
? a???a? a?t?? a?a??????eta? ap? t???
pe??ss?te???? µe?et?t?? ?? t? t????
t?? ?esa???a ?a? ? a??? t?? ?e?te??? ?p????. St?
d????e?? t?? ?aµß????? ???a t??a s?µa?t???
?e????ta ??a t?? ????pa??? ?st???a µe pa???sµ?e?
ep?pt?se?? ? de?te?? ?a? ???st??? ???s? t??
???sta?t????p???? t? 1453, t?? ?p??a a??????e? ?
?a?d?a?a ?s????p???s? ?a? ?????t?s?
t?? ???µa????? ??t???at???a?, ? ?eµe???s? t??
t?p???af???? µe??d?? ap? t?? G??teµß????? p??
f???e? ?a?d?a?e? e?e???e?? st?? ????pa???
??aµµate?a ?a? t???? ? a??? t?? ????pa????
ap???????at?a?, µe s?µe??-???s?µ? t?? ??a??????
t?? ?µe????? t? 1492 ap? t?? ???st?f??? ????µß?.
15
???a ?ta? ta ????t?a p?? ???sa? t??? ????pa????
sta µe???a ?pe?at?a?t??? ta??d?a
1. ??????µ???
???d?, eµp????, ???s??, µpa?a????
2. ?p?st?µ?????
? pe?????e?a ?a? ? e?e?e???t??? d???es? t??
????pa???. ? fa?tas?a t??? e??pteta? ap? t??
pe????af?? t?? ta??d??? t?? ????? ???? ?a?
??e??e???ta? t?? ???e? t?? ??at???? p?? e??a?
p???s?e? se ???s?f?.
4.????t???
3. T??s?e?t???
?? f???d???e? t?? ????pa??? ??eµ????
? ep?d???? t?? e????s?a? ?a d?ad?se? t?
???st?a??sµ? st??? ?a??? t?? ???? ??sµ??
16
???a ?ta? ta te????? µ?sa p?? ??a?a? ta
?pe?at?a?t??? ta??d?a p?? ??????a ?a? asfa??

1. ? ?a?p???s? e??? ???? t?p?? ?a?aß???, t??
?a?aß??a? p?? s??d?a?e µe???? ????t???t?ta,
ta??t?ta ?a? asf??e?a
2. ?e?e??p???s? ??????? ??a t?? p??sa?at???sµ?
3. ??µ??????a p??t?????? (?a?t???? ???te?)
17

?a e?e?e???t??? ta??d?a

• ?a?????µa??? ?t?a? Ft??e? µ???? t? a???t???? t??
  ?a??? ??p?da?, t? ??t??te?? ???? t?? ?f?????.

?? p??t?? ?a?ass?p????
?? ???t?????? eped???a? ?a ft?s??? st?? ??d?e?
p????ta? ???? ap? t??  ?f????. 

• ??s?? ?ta G??µa Ft??e? ?? t?? ??d?e?

• ??????? ? Ta?ass?p???? ???µat?d?t?se p????
  e?e?e???t??? ta??d?a p?? ?ftasa? st? ?ad??a, t??
  ????e? ?a? t? ???s??? ????t???.

18
Fe?d????d?? ?a??e????? 
??a?µat?p???se t?? p??t? pe??p??? t?? ???
(1519-1522) ?a? ?ts? ap?de?????e ?t? ? ?? e??a?
sfa?????.
? st???? a????? ap?te????ta? ap? pe??p?? 270
??d?e? ?a? p??te p???a. ? ap?st??? a?t?µet?p?se
p???? p??ß??µata, ?p?? ap?pe??e? d????f????? t??
???t??????, a?ta?s?e?, pe??a, s???ß??t?,
?ata???de? ?a? e??????? s??a?t?se?? µe a?t?????e?
p????sµ???. ???? 30 ??d?e? ?a? ??a p????
(t? ???t???a) ????????sa? t? ta??d? t??
ep?st??f?? st?? ?spa??a. ? ?d??? ? ?a??e?????
apeß??se se µ??? st?? F???pp??e? ?a? t??
d?ad?????e ?? st?at???? µ?a se??? a???µat????, µe
t?? ?????? ?a a?a?aµß??e? e? t??e? t? ta??d? t??
ep?st??f?? t?? ???t???a?.
19
???st?f???? ????µß??

• ??t??eta, ? ???st?f???? ????µß??, pepe?sµ????
  ?t? ? ?? e??a? sfa?????, ep??e???se ?a ft?se? st?
  ??d?a p????ta? d?t??? . ?at? t? d????e?a t?? 4
  ta??d??? t?? (1492-1504) a?a?????e ta ??s?? ?a?
  t?? ?pe???t???? pe?????? t?? ?e?t????? ?µe?????,
  a? ?a? ? ?d??? p?ste?e ?t? e??e ft?se? st??
  ??d?e?.

• ?? ???t?? ????µß?a st? ?. ?µe???? ?a?
  ? aste??e?d?? 327 ????µß?a (327 Columbia), p??
  a?a?a??f???e t? 1892, p??a? t? ???µ? t??? ap?
  a?t?? t?? d??s?µ? ?a?ass?p???.

• ??a?µat?p???se t?sse?a ta??d?a se aµe???a????
  ed?f?. ?? p??t? t?? ?e????se st?? 3 ?????st?? t??
  1492 ap? t? ??µ??? ????? ?te ?a F???t??a ?a?
  ?ftase st? G??a?a???? (st?? s?µe????? ?pa??µe?)
  st?? 12 ??t?ß???? 1492.

20
???t? ta??d?
?f?? p?a?µat?p???se ep?s?e??? sta p???a t??
sta ?a????a, ?e????se ??a t? d??s??s? t??
????st?? a??µa t?te O?ea???. ??e??st??e µ???? 36
µ??e? ??a a?t? ?a? st?? 12 ??t?ß???? 1492 ?ftase
se ??a ??s? t?? s?µp???µat?? t?? ?pa??µ?? ß??e??a?
at????? t?? ?a?a?ß????. S??a?t??ta? t??? ?t?p????
??a?e?e??, de? ?af???st??e a??? p?ste?e ?t?
ß??s??ta? st?? pe??f??e?a t?? ?????? ?s?a?.
Te????ta? µ????? ?t? e??e ??e?a t?? p??spe??se?
t?? ?ap???a, p?ste?e ?t? t??a ?ta? p?? ???t? st??
??d?e?, ?a??? ?? ?????p?? p?? a?t????se ?a? µe
t??? ?p????? p?t??e µ?a f????? s??e??as?a, ?s?eta
ap? t? µ????? p?? t??? pe??µe?e sta ????a t??
?spa???, ?ta? s????????µ??. G???????ta? ?at?????
? ?d???, ?p?te a?afe??ta? se a?t??? t??? ???µa?e,
e?f?a??µe??? p??? e?e??e?a, ??d??????. ? ???µas?a
ep????t?se a???te?a ??a ????? t??? ???e?e?? t??
?µe?????.
(???e?a t?? p??t?? ta??d???. ?? s??????e?
???µas?e? e??a? µe µa??? ???µa, e?? a?t?? t??
????µß?? µe ?a?a??.)
21
?p?t??esµa p??t?? ta??d???
St? ta??d? a?t? a?a?????e ep?s?? t?? ???ßa, t??
?p??a? e?e?e???se ??a µ???? ?a? t?? ?p??a
?e????se, ??a t? ?p????p? t?? ???? t??, ?e?s???s?
t?? ?pe???t???? ?s?a?. ????? ?ftase ?a? st? ??s?
p?? ? ?d??? ß?ft?se ?spa????a, ??at? t?? ??µ??e
t? pe????aµµa t?? ?spa??a? ?a? ?p?? s?µe?a
ß??s???ta? ? ??µ???at?a t?? ??t?? ?a? ?
??µ????a?? ??µ???at?a. T????ta? ?a ???e? ???st?
t?? a?a?????? t?? st?? ????p? ?a? ?a e?asfa??se?
pe??ss?te?a µ?sa ??a t?? e?µet???e?s? t?? ??s???
a?t?? p??? s??e??se? ??a ?a s??a?t?se?, ?p??
??p??e, t?? ?????? ??d?e? ?a? t?? a?t????t??a t??
???a? e??at?st?se ??a ????? st?? ?spa????a ?a?
ep?st?e?e st? ????? t?? ???t?? t?? 1493.
(? ep?st??f? t?? ???st?f???? ????µß??, ?a? ?
a???as? µp??st? ap? t?? ßas???? Fe?d????d? ?a? t?
ßas???ssa ?saß???a, p??a?a? t?? ?te?a?????, 1839)
22
?e?te?? ta??d?
 ? ????µß?? a?a????se ??a t? de?te?? ta??d? t?
f????p??? t?? 1493. ?p?e?se ??t??d?t???te?a ?s??
??at? ??p??e ?a ft?se? a?t? t? f??? st?? ?ap???a
a??? te???? a?a?????e t?? ??t???e? ??s???. St??
p??e?a e?t?p?se t? s?µe???? ?????t? ???? ?a?
?a?aß?????e st?? ?spa????a.
?? 1494 s?????se ??a ???? t?? ?a??ss?e?
"??e??e?" ?a? a?a?????e t?? ??aµ???a e??
e?e?e???se t? ??t?a a?t? t?? ???ßa?. Ost?s?
ap?f?s?se ?a ep?st???e? st?? ?saß??a p??? ft?se?
st? d?t???te?? ???? t?? ???ßa? ?a? d?ap?st?se?
?t? e??a? ??s?.
(?? de?te?? ta??d? t?? ????µß??)
  ?µe??e p??? ap? ??a ????? a??µa st??
?spa????a. ?a??? a??et? ???s?f? de? e??e ß?e?e?
a??µa ?a? ? e????st?a??sµ?? t?? ?t?p??? de?
p???????se a??et?, ? ?a?a???? ?p?epe ??t? ?a
de??e? st??? µ?????e?.
23
????? de?te??? ta??d???
???e p?se? se µe???? d?sµ??e?a ?a??? ?? ??????
??d?e? a??? ?a? ta f?s??? ????e?a t?? ?spa????a?
de? e??a? ß?e?e? a??µa, e?? t? 1495 e??e ste??e?
st?? ?spa??a d?sµ???? 500 ??a?e?e?? a??µ???t???
t?? p???µ?? t?? s?µµ???? t?? f???????, µe t?
d??a??????a ?t? ?ts? ?a ???t??a? t?? e???t?s? ap?
t??? e?????? t??? ?a? ?a p??s???t????ta? p??
e????a a? ???sa? sa? ?p???te? se p???s?a sp?t?a.
? e????e?a a?t? d?sa??st?se t?? ?saß??a ?a? a??µa
pe??ss?te?? ?ta? ?? ??a?e?e?? a?t?? d?at????a?
te???? ??a ßa???? e??as?e? ?a? p??a?a? ??????a. ?
????µß?? µ?? ?aµß????ta? a??et? ef?d?a ?a?
a??s????ta? ??a t?? e????a t??, ep?st?e?e st??
?spa??a t? 1496 af????ta? p???e???s?? t?? ade?f?
t??.
? ????µß?? ?a? ? ßas???ssa ?saß???a, ?ept?µ??e?a
ap? t? µ??µe?? t?? ????µß?? st? ?ad??t? (1885)
24
???t? ta??d?
?e????se p??? µe ??a? st???s?? t? ?a???a??? t??
1498 µet? ap? d?? ?s??pa ?????a st?? ????p?.
?p?e?se p??? ??t??d?t???te?a a??? ?ftase st?
??t?a ?µe????, st?? a?t?? t?? s?µe????? ?e?e?????a
?.
St? µeta?? ? ???t?????? ??s?? ?ta
G??µa ?????????e t?? p??t? pe??p??? t?? ?f?????
?a? ?fta?e st?? ?????? ??d?e?, a??????ta? t??
ape??e?a? eµp?????? epaf?? µe t??? ???te? t??
d?t???? a?t??. ??t? t? ?e?????, ?t? ? ???t??a??a
te???? ?ftase p??t?, d?sa??st?se p??? t???
ßas??e?? ??a?t? t?? ????µß??.
? p??e?a t?? t??t?? ta??d???
St? µeta?? ?spa??? ?apet????? µe ?de?a t??
µ??a???? e??a? e?e?e???se? t? ß??e?a a?t?
t?? ?at?????? ?µe????? a?at????? t??
s?µe????? ????µß?a?. ?? ???t??????, ?µ??, µ?????
"pa????µa" e??a? p?e?se? st?? a?at?????
a?t???aµµ? t?? s?µe????? ??a????a? ft????ta? ??
t?? ???p? ?a ???ta. 
25
??ta?t? ta??d?
?e???? t? 1502 e?asf???se t?? e?t??? ?a? t??
?p?st????? ??a ??a a??µa ta??d?. ?fe??e ?a
"af?se?" t?? ???a ?a? ?a p?e?se? d?t??? t??
?a?a?ß???? µ???? ?a s??a?t?se? t?? ??d???
?e?s???s? st?? a?at????? a?t? t?? ?p??a? a??µa
de? e??a? ft?se? ?? ???t??????.
?f?? d??s??se t?? ?t?a?t???, ß?????e st??
?a?a?ß??? ?a? e?e?e???se ??a ???? t?? ??aµ???a,
????? ?a fa?t??eta? ?t? e?e? p?? ?????e, ?a
te?e???e ?d??a ?a? ? ??a pe??p?te?a. St? s????e?a
pa??p?e?se p??? t? ??t?a a?t? t?? ???ßa? a??? ?a?
?a?? ep??e?e ?a µ?? p??spa??se? ?a t?? e?e???se?
s?st?µat???. ???? ft?se? st? d?t??? t?? ????
?p?e?se ??t??d?t??? ?a? ?ftase st?? a?t??
t?? ?e?t????? ?µe?????, st? s?µe???? ??d???a.
???e µp??st? t?? µ?a ?pe??? a??? de? ?ta? ? ?d?a
? ??d?a.
(?? t?ta?t? ?a? te?e?ta?? ta??d?)
26
?? t???? t?? ta??d??? t??
? ?d??? e?????? t?? te?e?ta??? ta??d??? de? e??e
t???? ?a??? e??e ste???e? t?? e?s?d?µ?t?? t??
st?? ?spa????a ?a? ?p?epe ?a pa?a?a??se?
?apet?????? ??a ?a de?t??? ?a t?? µetaf????? st??
?spa??a. ??t? ????e sta t??? t?? ??????? ?a? ?sa
p?? p???aße t?? p??st?t?da t?? ßas???ssa ?saß???a
???? p??? a?t? pe???e?. ? Fe?d????d??, p?? ?µe?e
µ???? ?????? t?? ???a?, a??????e ?a de? t??
????µß? pa?? t?? e????se?? t?? te?e?ta??? ?a t??
d?se? p??f????? a?af??? ?a? ?a ap??????e? ??a t??
te?e?ta?a ap?st???.
? ?a?a???? p??a?e st? ?a??ad???d t? 1506 se
?????a 55 ? 60 et??. ?? ???? t?? p??t??
pa??µe??a? st?? ?p??es?a t?? ???t??? ?a?
ap??at?st?sa? µe???? µ???? ap? ta p????µ?a t??. ?
?t????? d?et??ese ?a? ??ße???t?? t?? ??t????
??d???, ?p?? ?a ?????ta? p?a ???st? ta ??s?? t??
?a?a?ß????, ?ta? d?ap?st????e ???st??? p?? ?
pat??a? t?? e??e te???? ft?se? se µ?a ??a ?pe???.
27
Conquistadores
Conquistadores" sta ?spa???? s?µa??e? ?ata?t?t??.
???µa ?a? s?µe?a ?? ???se?? t?? ?st?????? s?et???
µe t? d??s? t?? ?????stad?? e??a? a?t??????µe?e?.
???sµ???? est?????? ?????? st? ?????? ?a? st?
?e??a??t?t? t???, e?? ????? ?p???aµµ????? t??
?µ?t?t? t??? ap??a?t? st??? ??a?e?e?? ?a? t?
???s?e?t??? t??? fa?at?sµ?. ?????, ?p?????? ?a?
e?e???? p?? t??????? ?d?a?te?a t? d??a t??
p???t?? p?? t??? eµ?????e. Ost?s?, e??a? e?e????
p?? p??s?fe?a? st?? ?spa??a t?? p?? e?tetaµ???
ap????a?? a?t???at???a. ?ta? p???µat? t??µ????
?a? ?e??a???, s?????? p??? t??? e??????,
d??asµ???? ??a pe??p?te?e?, a??? ?a? ßa???
???s?e??µe???. St?? p?e????t?t? t??? ?ta?
?????p?? s?????? ?a? aµ??f?t??, a??? ??a???
p??eµ?st??. 
28

?eta?? t?? p??t?? p?? a?a?????a? ?a? ?at??t?sa?
t? ??? ??sµ? ?p?????? ???a ???µata µe??? ep?fa???
?????e?e???, e?? ?? pe??ss?te??? ?ta? ?a????
?ata?????

•  ? F?a?s?s?? ??s??? (? ?ata?t?t?? t?? ?e???)

•  ? Fe????t? ???t?? (? st?at??t???? ???t?? p??
  ?p?ta?e t? ?e????)

• ? ??s?? ??????? ?te ?pa?µp?a (µe t? ???µa t??
  ?p???? e??a? s??dedeµ??? t? ?????µa t?? d??µ??
  p??? t?? ????????)

• ? ?t????? ?te ??µ????? (? ?p???? s???ßa?e st??
  ?at??t?s? t?? ?e???)

• ? ???t?? ?te ?a??t?ß?a (? ?d??t?? t?? ????a???
  p???? Sa?t???? ?a? t?? ???se????)

• ? G?a???a ?te ?a??de? (p?? ?at??aße t?
  ?e?e?????a)

• ? ?pe?a???sa? (?ata?t?t?? t?? ?s?µe????? ?a? t??
  ????µß?a?)

29

?? ?????stad??e? ?d?asa? µeta?? t?? et?? 1500
?a? 1580, pe???d?? ? ?p??a ????ete? t?? ?spa????
?at??t?s?. ? te?e?ta?a, a????? e??e t? µ??f? µ?a?
µe????? st?at??t???? ep??e???s??, ? ?p??a ?µ??
d?e????? µe t?s? s?????? µe??d???, p?? p?????ese
t?? ?ata??a??? a??µa ?a? t?? s???????? t???, ??
?atad??ast???? e?f??se?? t?? ?p???? e??a?
?d?a?te?? ????? a??a.
?d?a?te?a s?µa?t??? ???? e??e ?a? ?
?e?d?s??p???? ?a?a?t??a? t?? ep??e???se??, ??
?p??e? e??a? s??p? t?? e????? p???t?sµ?, ??? µ???
t?? p??ta????st?? t?? ?at??t?s??, a??? ?a? t??
???µat?d?t?? t???, ???t??? ?a? ?d??t?? (a??µesa
st??? ?p????? ?ta? s???? ? ßas????? ???????e?a
?a? ?? a??te??? a???µat????? t?? pa?at???). ??t?
e??e ?? ap?t??esµa t? s?st?µat??? ?e??as?a ????
t?? p???t?? t?? aµe???a????? p????sµ??, ?? ?p????
?p???e????a? ?a e??????ta? s????? ?a? ?p?
s?????e? d???e?a?, st?? ?p??es?a t?? ?ata?t?t??.
30
Ge???t???a
? µe?a??te?? ?µ?? ?e???t???a p?? s???ß? p?t?
st?? p?a??t?, a??? ?a? ta?t?????a ? ????te??
s???t?µ???, e??a? a?t? t?? ??a?e??? ??d????? t??
?µe???a????? ?pe????. S??????? ap? ta p??ta
?????a t?? a?a??????? t?? ?µe?????, µ???? ?a?
t? t???? t?? 19?? a???a, p??? ap? 80.000.000
??a?e?e?? e???t????a?. S???e???µ??a, ? a???µ??
t?? ??a?e??? st?? ???e?a ?µe???? t? 1919 ?fta?e
t??? 400.000, µ???? 18 µe 19 e?at?µµ???a
????te??? se s?????s? µe t? 1492
????sta ???eta? ????? ??a 100 e?at?µµ???a
a????p??? p?? e???t????a? s???????, µeta?? a?t??
???? sta 18 e?at?µµ???a se pe?????? t?? ???e???
?e?????, e?? ?? ???at?? p?? s??d???ta? µe t?
eµp???? d???e?a? ??a?e??? ?p????????ta? sta 28
e?at?µµ???a. ?p?? ??a de??????, ?? ??a?e?e??
p????sa? p??? a???ß? ta p????µ?a p?? e??a? ?a
?at?????? se p???s?a ed?f?.
31
St?? ??????e??a ???????e?sa? t??? p??te?.  
???µ?s? a???a a???te?a, de? ap?µe?a? ap a?t???
pa?? µ??? t???µ?s? e?at?µµ???a! S?µf??a µe t??
??. ???te?, µ??? sta ????e?a t?? ??t???, ap ?p??
e?????a? ?? ?spa??? 45 ?????de? t????? ?a?a???
as?µ???, p??a?a? ??t? e?at?µµ???a ??d?????!
S?ed?? t?sse??? a???e? ???t?se a?t? t? µa?t????!
?pe?d?, de, ?? ??d????? e??????e?t??a? µ?sa se
???e? de?aet?e?, a?t??atast????a? µe e?at?µµ???a
s???ß??? p?? µet?fe?a? ?? ????pa??? st?? ?µe????
ap? t?? ?f????. ???? ap? e?at? e?at?µµ???a
??d????? t?? ?µe????? ?a? ?f???a??? e???t????a?
sa? a?a??s?µa ??a ??a ?a p???t?s??? ?? ????pa???
?a? ?a a?apt????? t?? ß??µ??a??e? ?a? t??
?ap?ta??sµ?.
???a? p?a sa???ta ?????a ?a? t??a a??µa, de?
?????? t?p?ta ???? ap? t? ?a t??? s??t?????, ?a
t??? ta?a?p?????, ?a t??? ?ata???ß???, ?a t???
ßasa?????? ?a? ?a t??? afa?????? µe s?????t?te?
p??t?fa?e??
???? ?f??a? ?? ?spa??? ?a pe?a????? st? d??µ?.
?ta? µe?????, ????asµ???? ?a? p????µ???? ap? t?
ßa?? f??t??, ?pefta? ????st?? ap? t?? pe??a, t???
???ßa? t? ?a?µ? ??a ?a µ?? a???p????? µe t? ?a
t??? ß?????? t?? a??s?de?.
32
??ß?????af?a

• https//scriptamanent.online/CE97-CEB9CF83C
  F84CEBFCF81CEAFCEB1-CF84CF89CEBD-C
  E91CEB6CF84CEADCEBACF89CEBD/

• https//www.mixanitouxronou.gr/i-anthropothisies-t
  on-aztekon-ston-theo-tou-iliou-thisiazan-mechri-20
  -000-atoma-to-chrono-aferousan-tin-kardia-ke-etrog
  an-to-thima/

• https//schoolpress.sch.gr/vpapagiann/CEBF-CF8
  0CEBFCEBBCEB9CF84CEB9CF83CEBCCF8C
  CF82-CF84CF89CEBD-CEBCCEACCEB3CEB9
  CEB1/

• https//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/CE91CF85CF84C
  EBFCEBACF81CEB1CF84CEBFCF81CEAFCE
  B1_CF84CF89CEBD_CE8ACEBDCEBACEB1CF
  82

• https//unboxholics.com/news/tech/96658-ti-prokale
  se-tin-katarrefsi-tou-politismou-ton-magia

• https//www.huffingtonpost.gr/entry/oi-mexikanoi-d
  en-xechnoen-ten-ptose-tes-aetokratorias-ton-azteko
  n_gr_611670d4e4b01da700f4f426

• https//history-gymelliniko.blogspot.com/2014/05/1
  5-16.html

• Wikipedia

• https//www.versustravel.eu/article-xp.asp?aid490

• https//www.spartorama.gr/articles/2131/print/

33
????S!!!
???a??st??µe p???!!!