Kotlin vs java

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Kotlin vs. Java

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1. Extension functions
Kotlin Java
Available in Kotlin. Extensions are useful as they allow developers to add methods to classes without making changes to their source code. In Java, we need to create a new class to extend the functionality of the existing class, so from now users can use a newly created class everywhere to use the extended functionality.
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2. Null safety
Kotlin Java
Available. Kotlin type of system has inbuilt null safety. Not available. In fact, NullPointerException is mainly responsible for the development errors of Android and Java.
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3. Static members
Kotlin Java
In Kotlin, we can use the companion object to create static members of the class. An object declaration inside a class can be marked with the companion keyword. Available in Java. It is used for memory management mainly. One can apply java static keyword with variables, methods, blocks and nested class.
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4. String templates
Kotlin Java
Yes, there are two types of string literals in Kotlin such as escaped string and raw string. Kotlin string template also supports expression. Available in Java too, but it doesnt support expression like Kotlin.
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5. Coroutines
Kotlin Java
In Kotlin, coroutines are concurrency design pattern that can be used to simplify code on Android that performs asynchronously. Coroutines were added to Kotlin in 1.3 version and they are based on established concepts from other languages. In Java, users have two different options such as RxJava and Project Loom. RxJava is a library for composing asynchronous and event-based programs using observable sequences and Project Loom supports a high-throughput, lightweight concurrency model in Java.
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6. Wildcard-types
Kotlin Java
No, Kotlin doesnt have any wildcard-types. But it has two other things, including declaration-site variance and type projections. Available in Java. Wildcard in general code means (?) that represents an unknown type. It can be used in different situations.
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7. Smart casts
Kotlin Java
Yes, this feature is available in Kotlin. It helps Kotlin compiler to track conditions inside if expression. If the compiler finds a variable that is not null of type nullable, the compiler allows accessing the variable. No, it is not available in Java. However, to know the types in Java, we can use something like instanceof to check the type and then cast it to the right type.
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8. Lazy-Loading
Kotlin Java
Yes, it is available in Kotlin. It mainly decreased startup time that is useful when using Kotlin for app development. This feature is not available in Java.
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9. No checked exceptions
Kotlin Java
Kotlin removed exceptions entirely in order to minimize verbosity and improve type-safety. In Java, the checked exceptions feature is a problem as it causes empty catch blocks.
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10. Operator overloading
Kotlin Java
Yes, Kotlin allows users to provide a way to invoke functions in order to do an arithmetic operation, equality checks or comparison on whatever object we want, through symbols like , -, /, , , lt, gt. In Java, operators are tied to particular Java types. For instance, String and numeric types in Java can make use of operator for concatenation and addition. Another Java type cant reuse this operator.
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11. Constructors
Kotlin Java
Kotlin only has a primary constructor and one or more secondary constructors. Talking about primary constructor, it is the part of the class header and it goes after the class name. In Java, constructors can be used to take parameters that is used to initialize attributes.
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12. Type System
Kotlin Java
Kotlin typing system is mainly designed to give users nullability support, type inference, and universal guards. In Java, the type system involves not only classes and primitive types. Other kinds of reference type are related to the basic concept of a class however, it varies in some way, and are mainly treated in a special way by Java or the JVM.
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13. Collections
Kotlin Java
In Kotlin, the order of collections is similar as in Java Collection, List and Set. The only difference that you can see is its divided between mutable and immutable types. Mutable types provide methods to change contents whereas immutable types dont. In Java, a collection is a group of individual objects that showed as a single unit. Java has a collection framework, defining several classes and interfaces to represent a group of objects as a single unit.
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