Solar Power Charge Controller

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Solar Power Charge Controller
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Solar Power Charge Controller
Introduction

• A charge controller, or charge regulator is
  basically a voltage and/or current regulator to
  keep batteries from overcharging. It regulates
  the voltage and current coming from the solar
  panels going to the battery. Most "12 volt"
  panels put out about 16 to 20 volts, so if there
  is no regulation the batteries will be damaged
  from overcharging. Most batteries need around 14
  to 14.5 volts to get fully charged.
• The solar energy is converted to electrical
  energy by photo-voltaic cells. This energy is
  stored in batteries during day time for utilizing
  the same during night time. Main project ideas is
  to deals with a controlled charging mechanism
  which over charge, deep discharge and under
  voltage of the battery.

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Solar Power Charge Controller
Block Diagram
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Solar Power Charge Controller
Hardware Components For Solar Power Charge
Controller

• Solar panel
• Op-amps
• MOSFET
• Diodes
• LEDs
• Potentiometers
• Battery

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Solar Power Charge Controller
Circuit Diagram
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Solar Power Charge Controller
Solar Panel

• Expose the cell to light, and the energy from
  each photon (light particle) hitting the silicon,
  will liberate an electron and a corresponding
  hole.
• If this happens within range of the electric
  fields influence, the electrons will be sent to
  the N side and the holes to the P one, resulting
  in yet further disruption of electrical
  neutrality.
• This flow of electrons is a current the
  electrical field in the cell causes a voltage and
  the product of these two is power.

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Solar Power Charge Controller
OP-Amps

• An operational amplifier ("op-amp") is a
  DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier
  with a differential input and, usually, a
  single-ended output.
• Internally frequency compensated for unity gain
• Large DC voltage gain 100 dB
• Wideband with 1Mhz (Temperature compensated)
• Wide power supply range
• Single supply 3V to 32V
• or dual supplies 1.5V to 16V
• Very low supply current drain (700 µA)
  essentially independent of supply voltage
• Low input biasing current 45 nA (temperature
  compensated)
• Low input offset voltage 2mV and offset current5
  nA
• Large output voltage swing 0V to V - 1.5V

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Solar Power Charge Controller
MOSFET(IRF 510)

• The Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect
  transistor is a devise used for amplifying or
  switching electronic signals
• The basic principle of the device a voltage on
  the oxide-insulated gate electrode can induce a
  conducting channel between the two other contacts
  called source and drain.
• It is by far the most common transistor in both
  digital and analog circuits, though the bipolar
• junction transistor was at one time much more
  common.

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Solar Power Charge Controller
Diodes

• The 1N4148 is a standard small signal silicon
  diode used in signal processing.
• The 1N4148 is generally available in a DO-35
  glass package and is very useful at high
• frequencies with a reverse recovery time of no
  more than 4ns.
• This permits rectification and detection of radio
  frequency signals very effectively, as long as
  their amplitude is above the forward conduction
  threshold of silicon (around 0.7V) or the diode
  is biased.

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Solar Power Charge Controller
Potentiometers

• A potentiometer is an adjustable resistor which
  consists of a wiper that slides across a
  resistive strip to deliver an increase or
  decrease in resistance. The level of resistance
  will determine output of current to the circuit.

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Solar Power Charge Controller
BATTERY

• An electrical battery is a combination of one or
  more electrochemical cells, used to convert
  stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
• The battery has become a common power source for
  many household, robotics and industrial
  applications.
• Larger batteries provide standby power for
  telephone exchanges or computer data centers.

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Solar Power Charge Controller
Why 12 Volt Panels are 17 Volts

• The reason is that, the panels will provide
  power only when cool, under perfect conditions,
  and full sun.
• This is not something you can count on in most
  places.
• The panels need to provide some extra voltage so
  that when the sun is low in the sky.

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Solar Power Charge Controller
Why 12 Volt Panels are 17 Volts

• You have heavy haze, cloud cover, or high
  temperatures, You have heavy haze, cloud cover,
  or high temperatures.
• A fully charged "12 volt" battery is around 12.7
  volts at rest (around 13.6 to 14.4 under charge).
• The panel has to put out at least that much under
  worst case conditions.

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Solar Power Charge Controller
Charger Controller Types

• Charge controls come in 3 general types, They
  range from the small 4.5 amp (Sunguard) control,
  up to the 60 to 80 amp MPPT.

• Simple 1 or 2 stage controls
• 3-stage and/or PWM
• Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)

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Solar Power Charge Controller
Functionality of Solar Power Charge Controller

• A solar panel is used to charge a battery.
• A set of op-amps are used as comparators to
  continuously monitor panel voltage, load current
  etc.
• Indications are also provided by a green LED for
  fully charged battery.
• A set of red LEDs to indicate under charged,
  overloaded and deep discharge condition.

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Solar Power Charge Controller
Functionality of Solar Power Charge Controller

• Charge controller also uses MOSFET as power
  semiconductor switch.
• This is to ensure cut off the load in low battery
  or overload condition.
• A transistor is used to bypass the solar energy
  to a dummy load while the battery gets fully
  charged.
• This protects the battery from getting over
  charged.

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Solar Power Charge Controller
Application of Solar Power Charge Controller

• Solar street light system
• Solar home system
• Hybrid system
• Solar water pump system

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Solar Power Charge Controller
Solar street light system

• In this system that uses PV module to convert
  sunlight into DC electricity
• The system consumes only DC electricity
• It incorporates solar charge controller to store
  DC in the battery bank to supply during sunlight
  is not visible or night time.

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Solar Power Charge Controller
Solar Home System

• In this system energy is generated from PV module
  to supply for home appliances.
• The system incorporates solar charge controller
  to store DC in the battery bank and suits for
  using in any areas where utility grid is not
  available.

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Solar Power Charge Controller
Hybrid System

• In this system that consists of multiple energy
  sources to provide full time, backup power or
  other purposes.
• It incorporates solar charge controller to store
  DC in the battery bank.

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Solar Power Charge Controller
Solar Water Pump System

• It uses solar power to pump water from natural
  and surface reservoirs for home, village, water
  treatment, agriculture, irrigation, livestock and
  other applications.

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