WATER RESOURCES IN TAMIL NADU

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WATER RESOURCES IN TAMILNADU PREAPARED BY
S.PRABHAVARAJAN, LECTURER
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INTRODUCTION

• Water is a vital natural resource which
  forms the basis of all life. Water is a key
  resource in all economic activities ranging from
  agriculture to industry. With ever increasing
  pressure of human population, there is serves
  stress and on water resources.

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PROPERTIES OF WATER RESOURSES

• One molecule of water consists of two
  hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. This
  composition is expressed by the familiar
  chemical formula H2O.
• The molecule has a bent shape and they make a
  bond angle of 104.5.
• A water molecule acts like a small rod
  with a positive charge at one end and negative
  charge at the other end and hence is known as
  dipole.

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How does ice remain in the solid state at 0c

• The strongly hydrogen bonding between the
  water molecules result in association of molecule
  and molecular weight and hence melting point ,
  increase . This keeps ice in the solid state up
  to 0c.
• When the crystal structure of ice breaks, the
  liberated molecules becomes associated with
  each other so strongly that they pack together
  more closely than in the ice crystal itself. As
  a consequence , ice becomes less dense than water
  and float on it.

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• When one gram of water freezes,80 calories of
  heat are released and when one gram of water
  vapour liquefies,about seven time that energy,or
  540 calories,are released.
• Since most of the surface of the earth is
  occupied by water

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HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

• In the hydrological cycle, the factors which
  control the process of evaporation and
  evapotranspiration are temperature, humidity, and
  win.
• It is a continuous process going on day and
  night from the ocean surface, ground surface.
  Inland waters(like lakes and stream),and plant
  and animal surfaces.
• Rising in the atmosphere this water forms
  clouds that float around in gaseous or droplet
  form.

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• Contn.
• Water returns to the earth in the forms of
  preciptation ,most of which takes place over
  the ocean and a little in the land surfaces.

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• Rainfall in the land surface may have
  following fates
• It may percolate through the soil and becomes
  a part of ground water regime.
• Accumulate in a pond,lake,or reservoir as
  inland surface water.
• Flow down to the ocean in the form of
  streamtaken up by plants and animalor
  evaporate.

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WATER RESOURCES-INDIAN SCENARIO

• Need for water conservation
• Average annual rainfall - 1170mm.
• Area -
  3290 lakh hectares.
• Out of total preciptation
• 41(10,02,040lakh)lost as evaporation and
  
• transpiration.
• 40(9,77,600lakh)lost as run off.
• 10(2,44,400lakh) is retained as soil
  moisture.
• 9(2,19,960lakh)seeps in for recharging
  ground water

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TAMIL NADU WATER BUDGET
CATEGORY 1985 1985 2000 2000 2025 2025
Surface water Ground water Surface water Ground water Surface water Ground water
Domestic/live stock 16.70 16.70 28.70 28.70 40.00 40.00
Industries 10.00 10.00 30.00 30.00 120.00 120.00
Thermal power 2.70 2.70 3.30 3.30 4.00 4.00
Miscellaneous 40.60 40.60 58.00 58.00 116.00 116.00
Subtotal 40 30 80 40 1990 90
Irrigation 320 150 420 210 510 260
Subtotal 360 180 500 250 700 350
Total 540 540 58.00 58.00 1,050 1,050
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• Experts opine that there would be no
  underground water by 2025 in Rajasthan if the
  present rate of indiscriminate utilization
  continues.
• Annually ,1/3rd of the area in the country is
  drought hit while some areas struggle/suffer with
  natural calamities like flood.
• Even 30 of the available water is not
  efficiently used whereas most of the waters are
  wasted into the sea.

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WATER RESOURSES MANAGEMENT

• Water Resources Management is an
  international, multidisciplinary forum for the
  publication of original contributions and the
  exchange of knowledge and experience on the
  management of water resources.
• In particular, the journal publishes
  contributions on water resources assessment,
  development, conservation and control,
  emphasizing policies and strategies.
• Contributions examine planning and design of
  water resource systems, and operation,
  maintenance and administration of water resource
  systems.

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GLOBAL WARMING USES

• The present global population of 6.185 billion
  is expected to rise to 8.303 billion by the year.
• Current water demand of about 6,650 km3 to
  produce plant food is expected to rise to 9,000
  km3 by 2025.
• At present,the demand for water is growing by
  2.4 per year.

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COMPETING WATER USES
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• Total water use in the world has increased
  from
• 1000km3y-1 in 1940 to
• 4130km3y-1 in 1990 to
• 5000km3y-1 in 2000 to
• 6650km3y-1 in 2002 to
• 9000km3y-1 in 2020 to projected.
• At least one fifth of the worlds people lack
  access to safe drinking water

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WORLD WATER USAGE IN DIFFER PARTS OF THEWORLD
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• According to an estimate, the daily per
  capital demand for water of Tamil nadu was 600
  gallons in 1990 which increased to 2700 gallons.
• Impending water deficit problem
• Reclamation of sewage and waste water.
• Development of ground water sources and surface
  storage.
• Long range forecasting of rain making.
• Transfer of surplus water and desalination of sea
  water.

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DISTRUBUTION OF POPULATION AND WATER
RESOURCES
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THREATS OF WATER RESOURCES

• Climate change causes change in frequencies
  of droughts and floods.
• Depletion of aquifers caused by
  over-consumption as a result of population
  growth.
• Pollution and contamination by sewage,
  agricultural and industrial runoff.

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CONCLUSION

• According to a report Water Management Need
  for Public Awarness, by the Indian Water
  Resourses Society, in 1995, by 2025 TNs water
  requirement per year will be 1050 cubic
  kilometer.
• This estimate is a matter of serious concern
  for the country.

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• This total amount of utilizable fresh water
  resourses available per year in India is about
  1150 cubic kilometer. By 2025 TNs total water
  demand will be about 92 of the total available
  water .
• This study bases the country-level estimates of
  natural renewable water resources mainly on
  climate and hydrological data sets for the last
  decades of the twentieth century. They are
  representative of the average flows of the last
  25 to 50 years.

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