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Unit 1: Levels of Organization

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Title: Unit 1: Levels of Organization


1
Unit 1 Levels of Organization
  • Ch 1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

2
What is Anatomy and Physiology?
  • Anatomy the branch of science that deals with
    the structure of body parts their forms and how
    they are organized
  • Physiology the branch of science that deals
    with the functions of the body parts, what they
    do and how they do it.

3
  • It is difficult to separate the topics of anatomy
    and physiology because the structures of the
    body are closely associated with their functions.
  • Ex. The hollow chambers of the heart are adapted
    to pump blood through tubular blood vessels

4
Characteristics of Life
  • Growth organisms change throughout their life
    span
  • Reproduction making more of ones self
  • Respiration releasing energy from food
  • Digestion and Absorption breaking down food
    into a usable form and passage of substances
    through membranes
  • Excretion removal of wastes produced
  • Response to Stimulus change in position of body
    or of a body part motion of an internal organ
  • Adaptation reaction to environment

5
Requirements of Living Organisms
  • Water
  • Food
  • Oxygen
  • Heat
  • Pressure

6
Water
  • most abundant chemical in the body,
  • required for most metabolic processes,
  • transports substances within the organism,
  • important in regulating body temperature

7
Food
  • substances that provide the body with necessary
    chemicals (nutrients)
  • used as energy sources
  • supply raw materials for building new living
    matter
  • help regulate vital chemical reactions

8
Oxygen
  • gas that makes up about one-fifth of the air we
    breathe
  • used to release energy from food
  • helps drive metabolic processes

9
Heat
  • Is a form of energy
  • Product of metabolic reactions
  • More heat faster reactions

10
Pressure
  • Is an application of force to something
  • Atmospheric pressure the force on the outside
    of the body due to the weight of air above
  • Helps us breathe
  • Hydrostatic pressure pressure a liquid exerts
    due to the weight of water above them (important
    for organisms living under water)
  • Heart action produces blood pressure which forces
    blood through the body

11
Anything else?
  • Although organisms require water, food, oxygen,
    heat, and pressure, these factors alone are not
    enough to ensure survival.
  • Both the quantity and quality of each factor are
    important
  • Ex. Concentration of oxygen, nutrients in food,
    purity of water

12
Homeostasis
  • Organisms Internal Regulation
  • Examples of physiological conditions requiring
    homeostasis
  • Temperature
  • Concentration of Waste Products
  • Gas Exchange
  • pH
  • Energy Requirements
  • Water/Ion balance
  • Volume/Pressure

http//www.bioedonline.org/slides/
13

14
Components of Homeostasis
  • Receptors provide information about conditions
    (stimuli) in the internal environment
  • Set Point tells what a particular value should
    be
  • Ex. Body temperature should be 98.6oF
  • Effectors cause responses that alter conditions
    in the internal environment

15
Internal Temperature Regulation
16
Homeostasis Cont.
  • Homeostatic mechanisms monitor aspects of the
    internal environment and correct any changes that
    occur.
  • Such response is called a negative feedback
    mechanism
  • The deviation from the set-point is corrected
  • Correction reduces the action of the effectors
  • Keeps the correction from going too far

17
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18
Homeostasis Cont.
  • Homeostatic mechanisms maintain a relatively
    constant internal environment, yet physiological
    values may vary slightly from one individual to
    the next
  • Both normal values for an individual and the
    normal range for the general population are
    clinically important

19
Levels of Organization
  • http//fulton.edzone.net/winkler/team3/chapter01/L
    evels20of20Organization.jpeg

20
Levels of Organization Cont.
  • Body parts can be thought of as having different
    levels of organization, such as the atomic level,
    molecular level, or cellular level.
  • Body parts vary in complexity from one level to
    the next
  • Atoms are less complex than molecules, molecules
    are less complex than organelles, tissues are
    less complex than organs, and so forth.

21
Organization of the Human Body
  • Axial portion head, neck, and trunk
  • Dorsal cavity
  • Cranial cavity skull and brain
  • Vertebral canal spinal cord within sections of
    the backbone
  • Ventral cavity visceral organs/viscera (organs
    contained within the ventral cavity)
  • Thoracic cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic
    cavities are separated by the diaphragm)
  • Abdominopelvic cavity
  • Abdominal cavity stomach, liver, spelln,
    gallbladder, kidneys, intestines
  • Pelvic cavity large intestine, urinary bladder,
    reproductive organs
  • Appendicular portion upper and lower limbs

22
clem.mscd.edu/biology/ 231course/cavity.jpg
23
Organ Systems
  • The human organism consists of several organ
    systems. Each system includes a set of
    interrelated organs that work together to provide
    specialized functions
  • Body Covering
  • Integumentary System
  • Support and Movement
  • Skeletal System
  • Muscular System
  • Integration and Coordination
  • Nervous System
  • Endocrine System
  • Transport
  • Cardiovascular System
  • Lymphatic System
  • Absorption and Excretion
  • Digestive System
  • Respiratory System
  • Urinary System
  • Reproduction
  • Reproductive System (male and female)

24
Anatomical Terminology
  • To communicate effectively, researchers and
    clinicians have developed a set of terms to
    describe anatomy
  • When we use the terms, we assume that the body is
    in the anatomical position, which means
  • standing erect
  • face forward
  • upper limbs at the sides and palms forward
  • Right and left refers to the right and left of
    the body in anatomical position

25
Anatomical Position
www.emergencymedicaled.com/ images/Anatomical
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