Water Chapter 11

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Water Chapter 11

• Where has that water you drank today been?

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Water Cycle

• Earth is the water planet
• 71 water
• Solid, liquid, gas
• Part of the closed system
• recycles

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The Water Cycle
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Water Distribution

• 71 of earths surface
• 97 of water is salt water
• Of 3 freshwater, 77 is frozen in glaciers and
  polar icecaps
• 22 is groundwater,
• Only 1 of fresh water is available for human use

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Global Water Distribution
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Surface Water

• Freshwater on Earths land surface
• Lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands
• River system---flows downhillrainwater drains
  into streams, rivers,
• Mississippi
• Amazon--largest
• Nile
• Watershed
• The land that is drained by a river
• Varies throughout the year
• Changes can result in floods(spring) or
  drought(summer/fall)

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Watersheds
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Groundwater

• Water beneath the Earths surface in sediment and
  rock formations
• Water tablethe level to which rocks and soil are
  saturated
• Can be at the surface or
• Deep underground
• Aquiferunderground formation containing water
• Largest in USOgallala in the Great Plains
• Porosity-- of spaces (pores) in rock
• Permeabilitythe ability of water to flow through
  rock or soil
• Permeableallow flowgravel, sand
• Impermeablewill not allow flowgranite, clay

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Recharge Zone

• An area of the Earths surface from which water
  percolates down into an aquifer
• Can take 10,000 years or more to recharge
• Affected by permeability of the surface above
• Parking lots?
• Farm land?

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The Recharge Zone
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Wells

• A hole dug to reach groundwater
• Naturally filtered
• How deep depends on the water table

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Water Use and Management

• We all live downstream
• More than 1 billion people lack access to a
  clean, reliable source of fresh water
• How does your water supply depend on what is done
  to it upstream??

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Global Water Use

• Most used to irrigate crops
• Asia80 for agriculture
• Europe38 for ag
• Industry19
• 1000 L needed for 1 kg of Aluminum
• 500,000 L for 1 car
• Household usesdrinking, washing, cooking8

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Image and Activity Bank
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Residential Water Use

• U.S. 300 L/person/day
• India 41 L/person/day
• 2L 1 gal

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Water Treatment

• Potable safe to drink
• Removes mercury, lead, arsenic which are
  poisonous, even at low concentrations
• Removes pathogensorganisms that cause
  illnessbacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasitic
  worms
• P. 296-297treatment process

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Cleaning up Water Pollution-Cuyahoga River fire
1969
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Water Management Projects

• 2000 years agoRoman aquaducts
• Dams and reservoirs
• Dam is built across a river to control flow
• Reservoir is an artificial lake behind the dam
• Flood control, drinking water, irrigation,
  recreation, industry, energy (hydropower)
• Possible Consequences
• Ecosystems disrupted or destroyed
• People displaced
• Soil deposition slowed
• Dam bursts
• Short lifespan of structure
• Diversion projectsKissimmee River and Everglades
  for example

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Water Conservation

• Agriculture--Drip irrigation systems
• Industryrecycling of cooling water and
  wastewater
• At home
• Low flow shower heads and toilets
• Water lawns at night
• Grow drought resistant plantsxeriscaping

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Future Solutions

• Desalinationremoving salt from ocean
  waterrequires much energy
• Transporting Water
• shipped or trucked
• Towing icebergs
• Both require lots of energy

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Water Pollution

• The introduction of chemical, physical, or
  biological agents into the water that degrade
  water quality and adversely affect the organisms
  that depend on the water
• Causes
• Industrialization
• Rapid human population growth

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Groundwater Pollution
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Point-Source Pollution (PS)

• Pollution comes from a single, identifiable
  source
• Enforcement of cleanup can still be a problem

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Nonpoint-Source Pollution (NPS)

• Come from many different sources that are often
  difficult to identify
• River-pollution can come from any of the land in
  its watershed
• Common sources
• Livestock feedlots
• Street and road runoff
• Soil runoff from farms, construction sites
• Oil/gas from boats

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Types of Water Pollutants
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Wastewaterfrom homes or industries

• Treatment
• Most contains biodegradable material that can be
  broken down by organisms
• Toxic substances much harder to remove
• Chemicals, heavy metals

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Drinking-Water Treatment
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Post-treatment

• Sewage Sludgesolid material remaining after
  treatment
• May contain toxic materials
• Must be disposed of as a hazardous wastes
• Often burned, then ashes buried in a secure
  landfill
• If toxicity reduced
• May be used as a fertilizer
• Combined with clay for bricks

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Artificial Eutrophication

• Eutrophication
• 1. large amount of organisms (plant material) in
  water
• 2. When they die, are decomposed
• 3. Oxygen depleted
• 4. Organisms needed oxygen die
• Can be a natural process in succession.

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Artificial Eutrophication

• When nutrients enter water as a result of mans
  activities
• Farm runoff, fertilizersphosphorus and nitrogen
• Sewage and animal feces
• Laundry and dishwashing detergents
• Cause algal blooms
• Oxygen is depleted

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Thermal pollution

• From power plants and other industries
• Fish and other organisms have a temperature range
  they can tolerate
• Too warm, too cold, they die
• Temperature change affects the oxygen content of
  the water (colder holds more)
• Warmer water holds less oxygen

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Groundwater Pollution

• When polluted surface water percolates down into
  groundwater
• Pesticides, fertilizers, petroleum products
• Leaking underground storage tanksgas stations
• Saltwater intrusionwhen aquifers near seawater
  drops too low
• Clean up VERY difficult

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Ocean Pollution

• 85 comes from activities on landrunoff and
  rivers
• Illegal dumping
• Oil spills
• Exxon Valdez1989-Prince William Sound Alaska
• 2001 off coast of Galapagos
• Each year 37 million gallons from oil spills

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Results of Oil Spills

• Fish, birds die
• Oil lasts a very long time
• Cleanup efforts are very difficult

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Water Pollution and Ecosystems

• Can cause immediate and long term damage
• Many accumulatedont decompose quickly or at
  allHg, Pbheavy metals
• Biomagnificationthe top predators end up with
  the highest concentration of toxic materials in
  their tissues

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Federal Laws on Water Quality

• 1972Clean Water Act (CWA)
• banned pollutant discharge into surface water
• required metals be removed from wastewater

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• 1972, Amended 1988Marine Protection, Research,
  and Santuaries Act
• --empowered the EPA to control the dumping of
  sewage wastes and toxic chemicals in U.S. waters

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1975, amended 1996Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)

• Programs to protect groundwater and surface water
• Standards for drinking water quality
• publics right-to-know

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1980CERCLAComprehensive Environmental Response
Compensation and Liability Act

• Superfund Act
• Makes owners, operators, and customers of
  hazardous waste sites monetarily responsible for
  the cleanup of the sites

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1987Water Quality Act

• Loaned funds to pay for new wastewater treatment
  plants
• Created programs to protect major estuaries

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1990Oil Pollution Act

• Required oil tankers be double-hulled by 2015