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Unit 3: The Boreal Forest

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The smell of wood smoke, the sound of waves smashing on the rocks, and the wind whistling. through the pine trees mean the north woods to many Minnesotans. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Unit 3: The Boreal Forest


1
Unit 3 The Boreal Forest
  • The smell of wood smoke, the sound of waves
    smashing on the rocks, and the wind whistling
  • through the pine trees mean the north woods to
    many Minnesotans. Our north woods is
    characteristic of the northeastern corner of the
    state.

2
The Boreal Forest
  • This entire area was
  • glaciated.
  • 1. all the soil has developed on glacial beds
    and lake beds or rock surfaces
  • a. lichen are
  • common on rock
  • surfaces

3
  • a. lichen are common on rock surfaces
  • 1. a symbiotic
  • combination of
  • two organisms, fungus and algae

4
  • The fungus attaches to the rock, absorbs water,
    and protects the enclosed algal cells. Patches
    range in size from a few hundredths of an inch to
    many inches and range in color from light gray to
    bright orange to brownish black.

5
  • a symbiotic combination
  • 2. Pioneer organisms, the first to
  • appear.
  • Eventually bits of rock and soil collect around
    the lichens and provide an environment for other
    plants.

6
  • B. Common species
  • 1. Trees. Mostly coniferous Jack Pine,
  • Red Pine, Balsam Fir,
  • White Pine.
  • Deciduous trees Aspen and Birch

JackPine
7
Red Pine
The Boreal Forest Biome
8
The White Pine
9
The Balsam Fir
Range of Balsam Fir in North America
10
  • B. Common species
  • 1. trees
  • 2. succession ecosystem changes that occur over
    long periods of time.
  • a. they change in
  • response to
  • natural and
  • human disturbances

11
C. Mammals.
  • If asked to identify the most representative
    animals of the northern coniferous forest, most
    people would name beaver,deer,moose and wolves.
    This is indeed the case

12
C. Mammals
  • Deer and Beaver are found also in the Deciduous
    Forest.
  • Both found more often in early and middle stages
    of succession.

13
C. Mammals
  • 2. Moose. Far more restricted in range.
  • Found in the Boreal Forest, rarely the Deciduous
    Forest.
  • a. Largest Mn mammal
  • 1. up to 6ft at shoulders, 1,200 lbs.

14
  • a. Largest Mn mammal
  • 1. up to 6ft at shoulders, 1,200 lbs.
  • 2. can go 20 to 30
  • mph
  • 3. moose and caribou common during early
    exploration

15
C. Mammals
  • Wolves. Probably Minnesotas most famous
    species. Minnesota truly is WOLF RESEARCH capital
    of the world.
  • Population May have origionally been
  • 4,000 to 8,000.
  • 1. bounties began in
  • 1849

16
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17
  • Population
  • 1. bounties began in
  • 1849
  • 2. from 1845-1952
  • 300 to 400 wolves were
  • killed per year in Minn.

18
  • Population
  • 1965 bounties ended
  • 4. 1967 the wolf was declared endangered under
    the first endangered species act.

19
  • 3. Wolves
  • a. Population
  • b. Basic Characteristics
  • 1. two main species the Gray Wolf, the Red
    Wolf
  • 2. Gray Wolf, Canis Lupus. (minn wolves)
  • Red Wolf,Canis Rufus,
  • (fd in southern US)

Wolf
Wolf
Timber Wolf
Red Wolf
Red Wolf
20
  • 3. Wolves
  • a. population
  • b. basic characteristics
  • 3. size males
  • 20-80kg.females
  • 18-55kg.

21
  • c. Social Structure
  • Pack size varies from
  • 2-12. Ave 6-7.
  • Ranking order is decided by a dominance order.
  • Highest pair alpha
  • male and female

22
  • Other members dont breed
  • subordinates,
  • juveniles,
  • outcasts

23
  • Ranking order is established when wolves are
    still pups. It begins with play and ends in
    setting roles. It usually begins at three weeks
    of age.

24
C. Mammals
  • 4. Black Bear
  • black, brown, cinnamon
  • A. Size adults 125-500 lbs.
  • cubs ½ lb. at birth
  • 4-8 lbs. when they
  • emerge from
  • hibernation
  • 35 mph

25
  • 4. Black Bear
  • C. Diet. Omnivores,
  • gain weight in fall, need fat for winter
  • D. Hibernation
  • 1. triggered by shorter days, less food, cold
    temp.
  • 2. bear will fast for a few days

26
  • 4. Black Bear
  • B. Senses
  • 1. good near
  • vision
  • 2. best sense
  • smell, 100X more
  • nasal mucosa
  • than humans

27
  • D. Hibernation
  • 2. bear will fast for a few days
  • 3. select a den site
  • (fallen trees)
  • 4. metabolism slows down
  • 5. calories from fat,
  • water from fat

28
  • 6. Digestive system is emptied and produces no
    feces.
  • Nitrogen urea us reprocessed in the kidney and
    liver into amino acids to
  • make new proteins.

29
  • E. Reproduction
  • 1. breeds late May early June
  • 2. females breed every 2yrs.
  • 3. breeding age 2-8 yrs. Lifespan 20yrs.
  • Gestation 7 months.

30
  • 4. Delayed implantation.
  • Cubs born Dec. Jan.

31
THE BOREAL FOREST
32
C. Succession
  • Early succession
  • aspen, birch, and maple.

Aspen
Birch
33
  • 2. Jack pine and black spruce are also early
  • in succession

Jack Pine
Black Spruce
34
  • 3. Balsam fir, birch, and white spruce dominate
    the the mature coniferous forest

Balsam Fir
Birch
White spruce
35
D. Birds of Prey
  • The top raptors are
  • Eagles and Osprey.

36
D. Birds of Prey
  • The top raptors are
  • Eagles and Osprey.

37
  • Osprey famous
  • feet-first dive

38
  • The Boreal Forest
  • TEST

39
  • Identify this organism. It is commonly found on
  • rocks and trees throughout the Boreal
  • Forest.

40
  • The organism from question 1 is actually
  • a symbiotic organism that is made of two
    separate organisms.
  • What two organisms
  • are found in this stuff?

41
Trees of the Boreal Forest
  • Identify this common
  • Boreal Forest tree.
  • It grows very tall, and quickly regenerates
    after fire. A famous study of the fire history
    of the Boundary Waters was done using this tree
    for reference.

Cones that open in a fire. Two short needles.
Black bark.
42
Trees of the Boreal Forest
  • Identify this tree.
  • 5 needles per bundle can grow very tall. Black
    bark.
  • The favorite nesting
  • site for Bald Eagles.

43
Trees of the Boreal Forest
  • 5. Identify this tree. It is a member of the
    climax
  • Boreal Forest.
  • Also found on the ELC because it was planted by
    students three years ago.
  • Single, very flat needles.

44
Trees of the Boreal Forest
  • 6. Identify this tree.
  • Two long needles per bundle. Reddish
  • bark. Found on the
  • ELC.

45
Mammals of the Boreal Forest
  • Identify this mammal.
  • Note the large canine teeth, the teeth of a
    carnivore.
  • Actually this animal is Minnesotas largest
    omnivore

46
Mammals of the Boreal Forest
  • 8. During hibernation
  • how does a Black Bear get the calories it needs
    to survive?

47
Mammals of the Boreal Forest
  • Approximately how many wolves do we currently
    have in the
  • state of Minnesota?

48
Birds of the Boreal Forest
  • What is this common bird of prey?
  • Hint it is well known for its feet-first
    dive into water.

49
  • D. Hibernation
  • triggered by shorter days,
  • less food, cold temp.
  • 2. bear will fast for a few days

50
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51
  • Boreal Forest Power Point
  • Choose an animal found in the Boreal Forest and
    make a power point presentation.
  • Presentation should include
  • Range_____________
  • Minn. Population_________________
  • Natural History. Diet, reproduction, behaviors,
    etc_______________
  • Habitat needs____________________
  • Relationship to people_________________

52
  • Boreal Forest Power Point
  • Choose an animal found in the Boreal Forest and
    make a power point presentation.
  • Presentation should include
  • Range_____________
  • Minn. Population_________________
  • Natural History. Diet, reproduction, behaviors,
    etc_______________
  • Habitat needs____________________
  • Relationship to people_________________

53
  • Caribou
  • Moles
  • Shrews
  • Bats Possible animals (a limit of 2 students
    can sign up for the same animal)
  • Lynx
  • Bobcat
  • Mountain Lion
  • Wolf
  • Beaver
  • Moose
  • White-tailed Deer
  • Fisher
  • Pine Marten
  • Wolverine
  • Otter
  • Red Fox
  • Gray Fox
  • Black Bear
  • Mink
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