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Institutionalized Gangs

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Title: Institutionalized Gangs


1
Institutionalized Gangs
2
Most Gangs in the World are found in Latin
America, Africa, and South Asia
3
Urbanization in Lagos
4
Maras in San Salvador
5
Two Kinds of Gang
  • Interstititial- groups of youth that are
    socialized to the streets and come and go.
    Typically composed of adolescents products of
    urbanization and poverty
  • Institutional- groups of youth that are
    socialized to the streets but persist over
    decades. Typically composed of both adolescents
    and adults products of more complex social
    processes

6
Institutionalized Gangs Are Similar to other
Groups of Armed Young Men and typically have
high rates of violence
7
Gang Are Institutionalized When They
  • Persist despite changes in leadership (e.g.
    killed, incarcerated, matured out)
  • Have organization complex enough to sustain
    multiple roles of its members
  • Can adapt to changing environments (e.g. police
    repression) without dissolving
  • Fulfill some needs of their community (economy,
    security, services)
  • Organize a distinct outlook of their members
    (sometimes called a gang subculture) often with a
    literature and/or laws and prayers.

8
Most institutionalized gangs organize crime but
are not necessarily hierarchical
9
Conditions for Gang Institutionalization
  • Poverty - Necessary but not Sufficient
  • Racial, Ethnic, or Religious Exclusion and
    Resistance Identity
  • Underground Economy
  • Social Catastrophe- civil war, displacement, and
    demoralization
  • Defensible Spaces

10
Conditions for Gang Institutionalization-1
  • Poverty - Necessary but not Sufficient
  • Racial, Ethnic, or Religious Exclusion and
    Resistance Identity
  • Underground Economy
  • Social Catastrophe- civil war, displacement, and
    demoralization
  • Defensible Spaces

11
Poverty often means youth gangs but not
necessarily violence or institutionalized gangs
12
Poverty in Chicago
13
Chicagos Ghetto 1910- 2000
14
Poverty, Race, and Homicide Coincide Spatially
15
Conditions for Gang Institutionalization-2
  • Poverty - Necessary but not Sufficient
  • Racial, Ethnic, or Religious Exclusion and
    Resistance Identity
  • Underground Economy
  • Social Catastrophe- civil war, displacement, and
    demoralization
  • Defensible Spaces

16
Walls of Exclusion in the West Bank
17
Chicagos Wall of Exclusion
  • Robert Taylor Homes and Stateway Gardens along
    with an eight lane highway formed one of the
    largest walls in the world seperating Irish
    Bridgeport from Black Bronzeville

18
Nigerias Bakassi Boys
19
UDF- Nationalist Militia or Drug Gang?
20
Maori Gangs in New Zealand have persisted for
decades
21
Conditions for Gang Institutionalization-3
  • Poverty - Necessary but not Sufficient
  • Racial, Ethnic, or Religious Exclusion and
    Resistance Identity
  • Underground Economy
  • Social Catastrophe- civil war, displacement, and
    demoralization
  • Defensible Spaces

22
Chicagos Black Gangster Disciples and the New
Concept
23
In Medillin, both cartels and para-militaries
recruit youth gangs
24
Conditions for Gang Institutionalization-4
  • Poverty - Necessary but not Sufficient
  • Racial, Ethnic, or Religious Exclusion and
    Resistance Identity
  • Underground Economy
  • Social Catastrophe- civil war, displacement, and
    demoralization
  • Defensible Spaces

25
Cape Flats Displacement Violence
26
Chechnya Refugee Children
27
Where the State is Weak, Groups of Armed Young
Men take over
28
Arkan and his Tigers Began the Process of Ethnic
Cleansing
29
Projects Today, Condos Tomorrow
30
From Vertical to Horizontal Ghettoes
31
Displacement for SomeLattes for Others
32
Conditions for Gang Institutionalization-5
  • Poverty - Necessary but not Sufficient
  • Racial, Ethnic, or Religious Exclusion and
    Resistance Identity
  • Underground Economy
  • Social Catastrophe- civil war, displacement, and
    demoralization
  • Defensible Spaces

33
Defensible Spaces of Rios Favelas
34
Defensible Spaces in Chicago
35
Conclusion
  • Two kinds of Gangs - vast majority are temporary
    youth gangs
  • Dealing with these gangs is a variation in
    dealing with wayward youth tactics vary with
    local conditions. But these are kids
  • Gangs institutionalize only in certain
    conditions such gangs cannot be rooted out by
    repression and require different, broader tactics

36
Very low rates of violence make me question
whether the conditions for gang
institutionalization are present
37
What is most important is to understand the
conditions of gang institutionalization and
violence in your specific locale and country
38
Thank You
http//gangresearch.net
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