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Title: Shrimp Aquaculture


1
Shrimp Aquaculture
2
Growth of global population and food production
between 1980 and 1990
3
Global status of shrimp farming
30
26
4
Aquaculture
Fishery catch
The world shrimp production was 4.2 million tons
in 2002 (FAO,2004). The aquaculture contribution
(1,3 mt) reached 30 of total landings the same
year production is estimated to be around 1.5
million t in 2003.
4
The activity is characterized by
  • Rapid expansion of the production
  • Growing use of captive broodstocks vs wild
  • Intensification of farm density and
    productions
  • Active transfers of species and live animals
  • Drastic crisis due to the proliferation of
    virus diseases
  • Increased concern for environment preservation
  • Severe competition on export markets

5
  • World Production of Tropical Shrimp Capture vs.
    Aquaculture, 1979-1999

FAS, USDA
Source Haby et. al. Texas shrimp study.
Shell-on, headless.
6
George Chamberlain (WAS),2003
7
World harvest of farmed marine shrimp in 1999 was
814,250 MT
Thailand 200,000 MT China 110,000
MT Indonesia 100,000 MT Ecuador 85,000
MT India 70,000 MT
8
Penaeus monodon
Ferreropenaeus chinensis
Penaeus indicus
Litopenaeus stylirostris
World production is based upon 4 main species
82 is produced in Asia
9
x
10
George Chamberlain (WAS),2003
11
  • Leading Importers of Shrimp in 2002

FAS, USDA
Source Global Trade Atlas, with FAS estimates.
12
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13
Note Frozen, headless, shell-on, 16-20
count Source FAO GLOBEFISH
14
Antidumping
  • US introduced antidumping regulations in 2003/4.
  • General economic conditions lean towards
    protectionism- high supply, buyers can be choosy.
  • Aquaculture shrimp from Asia is cheaper than that
    produced in the US and from wild fishery. Hence
    strict Drug Residue Testing and introduction on
    taxes on importations makes US producers more
    competitive.
  • Test for Mostly Antibiotics Zero tolerance by
    both EU and US markets - trace levels detected
    force product withdrawals.

15
http//www.fas.usda.gov/ffpd/Fishery_Products_Pres
entations/Shrimp/SHRIMP04final.pdf
16
Shrimp industry in Fiji, and the South Pacific
region
  • New Caledonia had 12 farms (4 hatcheries) in 2003
    and is the largest producer in the South Pacific.
    Tahiti has a few farms. Fiji currently has 3 or 4
    commercial shrimp farms, Vanuatu has one, and
    other neighbouring countries are interested.
  • In the past Fiji farms imported PLs from
    reputable hatcheries in Australia, but ceased
    when Australian viral disease situation became
    known.
  • Viruses found in Fiji of MBV- maybe occurs in
    nature but the diseases symptoms are yet to be
    seen.
  • In 1999 Fijis shrimp market was 600T- demand
    from tourism industry and from local demand- with
    demand annually increasing. Fishery/aquaculture
    supplies only 200T (150T from wild fishery 50T
    farmed). Remaining 400T was imported from Asia.
  • New Caledonia is the biggest producer and mainly
    exports to France and Japan.

17
Current Production in New Caledonia
GFA, New Caledonia
18
Land Area of Region
Source The Far East and Australasia, 1988. Europa
19
Environmental Concerns
  • Mangrove destruction- Mangroves were previously
    regarded as wastelands and hence cleared and used
    for aquaculture amongst many other uses.
  • The soils and conditions of tidal aquaculture was
    however found to be highly undesirable and of low
    productivity.
  • Hence farms were moved inland sourcing the water
    through rivers and channels.
  • Waste water from ponds can then be flushed
    through the mangroves where nutrients are reduced
    before they reach the sea.

20
A 37 Ha farm established in 1995 in New Caledonia
with an annual production of 150 tons.
Before
After
Ifremer, 2003
21
Other Concerns
  • wetland losses
  • eutrophication and sedimentation of receiving
    waters
  • salination of soils and aquifers
  • disease transfers to wild stocks
  • exotic species introductions
  • discharge of toxic and/or bioreactive substances
  • reduced biodiversity in shrimp cultured areas
  • creation of social inequities and problems.

22
Major Constraints in the Pacific
  • The lack of consistant supply of high quality and
    quantity of Post-larvae are needed as a backbone
    for the industry.
  • Local Feed availability- most feeds are imported
    out of Asia at a high cost. A local supplier
    produces some feeds in Fiji but the feeds need to
    be further developed.
  • Government and Investor support.
  • Land Issues
  • Technical and Skilled personnel
  • Market confidence- Can we supply consistently?
  • A case-study of the New Caledonian industry will
    be presented during the next lecture.

23
Geographic Range
  • Marine shrimp are native to all the oceans and
    seas of the world and numerous species are
    farmed.

24
Shrimp Species
  • Giant Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon)
  • Named for its huge size and banded tail, P.
    monodon still accounts for most of the farmed
    shrimp coming out of Asia, but it's likely to
    lose that position to P. vannamei over the next
    couple of years.
  • Native to the Indian Ocean and the southwestern
    Pacific Ocean from Japan to Australia, "tigers"
    are the largest (maximum length 363 mm) and
    fastest growing of the farmed shrimp.
  • They tolerate a wide range of salinities, but
    shortages of wild broodstock often exist, captive
    breeding is difficult and hatchery survivals are
    low (20 to 30). Tigers are very susceptible to
    two of the most lethal shrimp viruses yellowhead
    and whitespot.
  • Reddish-orange on the sides and pearly-white on
    the top and bottom

25
Shrimp Species
  • Western White Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)
  • Native to the Pacific coast of Central and South
    America,
  • Leading farm-raised species in the Western
    Hemisphere, representing more than 95 of
    production.
  • Because vannamei feeds on organisms which grow
    naturally in the pond, it is cheaper to feed than
    monodon.
  • White shrimp can be stocked at small sizes, have
    a uniform growth rate and reach a maximum length
    of 230 millimeters.
  • They breed in captivity better than monodon
  • Hatchery survivals are high, from 50 to 60.
    Throughout Latin America, hatcheries maintain
    captive stocks of vannamei broodstock.
  • Look for it to become the dominant species in
    Asia over the next couple of years.

26
Shrimp Species
  • Chinese White Shrimp (Penaeus chinensis)
  • Native to the coast of China and the west coast
    of the Korean peninsula.
  • Chinese white shrimp grow better in lower water
    temperatures (down to 16 degrees Celsius) than
    vannamei and monodon
  • Tolerate muddy bottoms and very low
    salinitiesand, unlike the above species, Chinese
    white shrimp readily mature and spawn in ponds.
  • On the negative side, they have a high protein
    requirement (40 to 60), a small size (maximum
    length of 183 millimeters), and a lower meat
    yield (56) than monodon (61) and vannamei
    (63).
  • Also, chinensis appears to be more susceptible to
    viruses than vannamei.

27
Penaeus japonicus
Penaeus chinensis
Penaeus indicus
Penaeus pencillatus
28
Penaeus merguiensis Litopenaeus stylirostris
29
Shrimp Species
  • Brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus)
  • Found in Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico
  • Most abundant of the three Gulf Shrimp
  • The brown shrimp is closely related to the pink
    shrimp
  • The brown shrimp is found in murkier and often
    deeper water.
  • Spawn offshore from November to April.
  • Young adults move out of protected marsh areas
    from May to July.
  • Excellent bait species candidate

30
Internal External Anatomy of a Penaeid Shrimp
31
Penaeid Shrimp Life Cycle
Shrimp have a maximum life span of about 24
months.
32
Larval Staging
  • Penaeid Shrimp pass through three larval stages
  • Nauplii
  • Zoeal (Protozoea)
  • Mysis
  • (M.rosenbergii only undergo one stage after
    hatching
  • Protozoea (stages I-XI).
  • Nauplii stages occurs within the eggs while
    attached to the pleopods of the female.)
  • Postlarval (PL) follows larval stages
  • Look like shrimp by this stage

33
Nauplii Stage
  • Six sub-stages
  • May lose 25
  • Nauplii sub-stages take approximately 48 hours
  • 36-51 hour range depending on temperature
  • Begin feeding at N6

34
Zoeal Stage
  • Zoea feed on phytoplankton
  • Three zoeal substages
  • 120 hrs
  • 36-48 hrs per stage

35
Mysis Stage
  • Look like adult shrimp
  • Begin to swim backwards
  • Three sub-stages
  • Each last 24 hrs

36
Post Larvae
  • Postlarvae (PL)
  • PL1 one day PL
  • 0.0008 g/PL1
  • PL 20 20 day PL
  • 0.02 g/PL20
  • Swimming seta present on pleopods
  • Reared in tanks or raceways
  • Stocked in ponds beginning around PL15-PL20.

37
Larval FeedingZoea
  • Isochrysis
  • Brown algae
  • (3-5 mm)
  • Chaetoceros
  • Diatom
  • (4-6 mm)
  • Tetraselmis
  • Green algae
  • (10-15 mm)

Isochrysis
Chaetoceros
Tetraselmis
38
Algae Culture
39
Larval FeedingMysis
  • Feed large algae cells early on
  • Switch to artemia (brine shrimp) for later stages

40
Larval FeedingPostlarvae
  • Artemia
  • 6/ml at PL4 decreasing to 0 by PL11
  • Formulated diet
  • 35 protein
  • 3 fat
  • Feeding rate
  • 200 bwt/day
  • 50 X 4 times per day

41
Source of Post-larvae
  • Wild Caught Pls
  • Source Dan Fegan Presentation
  • Hatchery Reared Pls

42
Hatchery Types
  • Eastern from Japanese and Taiwanese style-
    Community Culture system
  • Western from Galveston style- clear water
    systems

43
Asian Hatchery Types
44
  • Major differences amongst hatcheries in Asia and
    the West include
  • Closed vs open thelycum species
  • Hatchery sizes are generally smaller and less
    complex
  • Survival rates generally are lower
  • Asian industry is more diverse
  • With exposure to western techniques hatcheries in
    Asia are converging technologies.

45
Major issues in commercial hatcheries
  • Broodstock and genetics

46
  • Development in this area is gaining momentum.
    Areas of focus include
  • Availability and quality
  • Health status
  • Nutrition
  • Domestication improvement
  • Specific pathogen free (SPF) and Specific
    pathogen resistant (SPR) strains

47
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48
Diseases
  • Diseases- viruses and bacterial are the biggest
    concern to the shrimp industry.
  • Importation of Pls may lead to further spread of
    diseases.
  • Diseases may also be passed from broodstock to
    pls (vertical transmission).
  • Other bacterial problems trouble many hatcheries.

49
The White Spot Pandemic (WSSV)
50
Hatchery Processes
  • Broodstock fed, maintained and cared for in
    maturation room. Males and females held
    separately.

51
  • If wild caught brooders are available- females at
    stage IV are best followed by stage III.

52
  • If no wild gravid females are available then
    females held in tanks can be used. However they
    do not usually develop eggs easily in captivity.
    Ovarian development can be stimulated by eye
    stalk ablation- removing one eye just below the
    eye stalk.

53
Eye-stalk Ablation
54
Mating
55
Spawning Room
  • This room contains tanks in which the females
    spawn their eggs. Mature females at stage IV are
    removed and transferred to a spawning tank. The
    tanks are kept dark to mimic the deep sea
    conditions in which they spawn. Spawning
    generally occurs between 10pm -2am with the
    shrimp frantically swimming around the tank
    releasing her eggs.
  • The next day the female is removed and returned
    to the maturation room but to a separate tank.
  • The tank is wiped clean and the aeration reduced
    to allow the eggs to incubate and hatch.
  • Female shrimp may produce between 200,000 to 1.2
    million eggs depending on their size, source and
    no. of times they have spawned.

56
  • Spawning Tanks

57
  • After eggs are spawned they are washed with clean
    seawater, treated with formalin or povodine
    iodine, washed and transferred to hatching tanks.
    Alternatively they maybe allowed to hatch in the
    spawning tank and newly hatched nauplii are then
    collected and subjected to the same treatment.

58
Fertilized Egg development
  • 0-30min after hatch.
  • 1 Hr after hatch.
  • 1 and half hr.
  • 3-4 hrs- rapid cell division
  • 11-12 hrs
  • 13 hrs after
  • By 15 hrs most
  • nauplii have
  • hatched.

59
Unfertilized Eggs
  • The best sampling time is 1-1 and half hrs after
    spawning. The unfertilized eggs undergo
    asymmetrical cleavage.

60
Larval Rearing Tanks (LRT)
  • After hatching, collection, treatment and
    counting nauplii are transferred to LRTs.

61
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62
Post-larvae produced after 12-15 days.
63
Post-Larval Quality
  • Pl quality is critical for farming success.
    Methods used to test this include
  • Stress testing with salinity shock or formalin.
  • Microscopic evaluation.
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for
    viruses- looking for viral DNA or RNA in samples
    of shrimp tissues.

64
Major Shrimp Viruses
  • MBV- Monodon Baculovirus
  • WSSV- White spot syndrome virus
  • YHV/ GAV- Yellow head virus/ Gill associated
    virus
  • TSV- Taura syndrome virus
  • IHHNV- Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic
    Necrosis Virus

65
PCR WSSV IHHNV Detection
66
General Shrimp Farming Concepts
  • Marine shrimp are grown in earthen ponds located
    in coastal areas of countries with tropical and
    subtropical climates.
  • Ponds are filled with saltwater pumped from
    estuaries and oceans. Post-larvae are stocked and
    raised in captivity and are ready for harvest in
    90 to 180days, depending on market size, species
    and farm management.

67
Farm Location
  • Locate ponds close to good quality brackish water
  • 5-30 ppt
  • Farms can be inland if suitable aquifers are
    available
  • Soil should have high clay content
  • 25 or more
  • Water table should not be within three feet of
    surface
  • Farm types include

68
Viet-Nam India Bangladesh
  • Extensive production earth ponds
  • Small to large size ponds (0,5 to 10 ha)
  • Limited water renewal (tide, pumps)
  • Little or no feeding
  • Stocking density
  • Yields 150 to 1000 kg/ha

69
Brazil Thailand Ecuador
  • Semi-Intensive production earth ponds
  • Large ponds (5 to 20 ha)
  • Water renewal (tidal/pumped)
  • No aeration
  • Stocked with 15-25 Pl/m2
  • Yield 1,5 to 4 t/ha/crop
  • 15g Vanamei in 120 days
  • survival 80 (Brazil)
  • FCR 1.5/3.0

70
New Caledonia
  • Semi Intensive production earth ponds
  • Medium size ponds (3 to 10 ha)
  • Medium-high water renewal
  • No aeration
  • Stocked with 15-25 Pl/m2
  • Yield 2-3 t/ha/crop
  • 22g Stylirostris in 120 days
  • FCR 1.8/2.4

71
New caledonia
  • Semi Intensive production earth ponds
    with aeration
  • Medium size ponds (3 to 10 ha)
  • Medium-high water renewal
  • Aeration (10-20 hp/ha)
  • Stocked with 25-40 Pl/m2
  • Yield 4-6 t/ha/crop
  • 22g Stylirostris in 120 days
  • FCR 1.8/2.4

72
Thailand Indonesia Brazil Mexico Nicaragua
  • Intensive production Low or  0 exchange 
    earth ponds
  • Small size ponds (0,5 to 3 ha)
  • Low or no water renewal
  • Extensive aeration (20-40 hp/ha)
  • Stocked with 40-130 Pl/m2
  • Final density 5-8 t/ha/crop
  • 25g Monodon in 110 days or
  • 15g Vanamei in 90 days

73
Indonesia Latin America Seychelles
  • Intensive production liner coated ponds
  • Small to med size ponds (0.5 to 2 ha)
  • Water renewal or 0 exchange (disease)
  • Aeration 30-60 hp/ha
  • Stocked with 150-300 Pl/sqm2
  • Yield 7-10 t/ha/crop
  • Survival 60-70
  • 30g Monodon in 110 days
  • 16g Vannamei in 140 days

74
Brazil Malaysia Maldives
  • Intensive production cage culture
  • Small to large cages in sheltered areas
  • Natural water exchange
  • Association with Gracilaria culture
  • High density Monodon or Vannamei

75
USA Mexico
  • Hyper intensive production  0 exchange 
    liner coated ponds
  • Small size raceways (0,05 to 0.2 ha)
  • Green House shelter
  • No water renewal
  • Aeration 100-200 hp/ha
  • Recirculation through filters
  • Stocked with 200-400 PL/m2
  • Final density 3 kg/m2
  • 15g Vannamei in 90 days
  • FCR 1.2/1.4

76
Shrimp Farming in New Caledoniaby Yves Harache
A french island in the South Pacific
  • 1500 km East of Queensland
  • 1800 North of New Zealand
  • 5000 km West of Tahiti
  • Latitude 18-23S
  • Longitude 158-172E
  • surface 18 875 km2
  • EEZ 1 450 000 km2

77
Historical milestones
  • 1970-73 UNPD-FAO project for evaluation of
    Shrimp Aquaculture

- Support from the Institutions of New
Caledonia - Site selection for experimental
plant, developed at Saint Vincent in 1972-73 -
Pioneering work, capture rearing trials with
local wild shrimps - First  harvest  of pilot
1ha pond in april 1973
Penaeus monodon Penaeus semisulcatus Metapenaeus
ensis Penaeus merguiensis Penaeus
monoceros Penaeus longistylus
78
  • 1970-73 NUPD-FAO project for evaluation of
    Shrimp Aquaculture
  • 1973-79 investigations of the local
    possibilities of development

- Structuration of RD creation of AQUACAL -
Strong back-up by AQUACOP research team from
Tahiti
Litopenaeus stylirostris
79
  • 1970-73 NUPD-FAO project for evaluation of
    Shrimp Aquaculture
  • 1973-78 investigations of the local
    possibilities of development
  • 1978 first application farm

significant imports of P. Stylirostris
After the initial introductions (1978-81) no
other imports of Stylirostris were done except
limited experimental batches from Tahiti in 1994
under  quarantine .
The development was based on this unique species,
whose strain reproduced since this date,
expressed a resistance to IHHN virus.
New Caledonia became one of the first countries
to develop an industrial shrimp farming activity
based exclusively upon a domesticated broodstock
(26 generations in 2004).
80
  • 1970-73 NUPD-FAO project for evaluation of
    Shrimp Aquaculture
  • 1973-78 investigations of the local
    posibilities of development
  • 1978 first application farm next to
    research facility
  • 1982-95 development phase

- First two commercial farms (1983) - Local
production of manufactured feeds (1984) - First
private hatchery packing plant at SODACAL
(1988) - Apparition of cold season mortalities
due to vibrio penaeicida (1993) - SOPAC
develops modern processing and export factory in
Nouméa (1995) - Apparition of summer mortalities
due to vibrio nigripulchritudo
in one farm (1997)
81
Technical choices Environment
preservation
Farms were progressively established with concern
to preserve coastal environment.
Pond construction has been carefully adapted to
each site morphology, using sand-mud tidal flats
behind the mangrove
82
Exemple of a 37 hectares farm established in
1995, producing 150 tons annually
83
For a total pond surface of 500 ha in 2003, it is
estimated that mangrove destruction has been less
than 5 hectares.
84
Coexistence of three types of farms
8 ha
130 ha
42 ha
85
Different levels of intensification
Aeration in all ponds
Partial aeration
No aeration
Allowing annual production yields ranging from
2.5 to 5.5 tons/ha
86
A main constant objective Quality
In order to face high production costs and severe
competition on exports markets, the New
Caledonian production has chosen very strict
quality criteria, concerning all industry members

- Certified procedures for hatchery production
sanitary conditions - 30 days dry out periods
between cycles - Organic fertilizers
Antibiotics strictly prohibited - Limited
stocking densities and instantaneous density by
sqare meter. - Minimum rearing period before
harvest - Specifications for Feed formulation -
Control of sanitary conditions for harvest,
transportation processing - Active quality
control organized with veterinarian authorities -
High quality standards at processing plant,
elimination of non-conforms
87
Problems and limiting factors
88
Number of farms, total surface of ponds and
production is expected to increase significantly
in the next 4 years, while the level of
intensification will not be changed.
89
Organization of the sector
R E S E A R C H
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