Residential Construction LEP Scaffolding Safety

1
Residential Construction LEPScaffolding Safety
2
Course Objectives

• Participants will develop an understanding of the
  following
• The types of scaffolding covered by the standard
• Supported
• Suspension
• Aerial lifts
• The types of scaffolding used at residential
  sites by trades and activities

3
Course Objectives

• The responsibilities of a competent person
• Inspection frequency
• Training and more
• Proper scaffold set-up (from the ground up)
• Fall protection exemption

4
Course Objectives

• Hazards associated with improper scaffold use
• Proper scaffold construction
• Capacity
• Loading materials
• Planking
• Tie-off requirements
• Access
• Fall protection
• Falling object protection
• Employee responsibilities

5
What is a scaffold.?

• A scaffold is an elevated, temporary work
  platform.
• Three basic types
• Supported scaffolds -- platforms supported by
  rigid, load bearing members, such as poles, legs,
  frames, outriggers.
• Suspended scaffolds -- platforms suspended by
  ropes or other non-rigid, overhead support.
• Aerial Lifts such scissor lifts, JLG,
  Articulating Boom Platform , Extensible Boom
  Platform

6
What is a scaffold.?
Aerial Lift
Suspended
Supported
7
Residential Construction

• What types of scaffolding are used on residential
  construction sites?
• Which trades will use them?
• During what activities will the scaffolding be
  used?

8
Typical Supported Scaffold Found In Residential
Construction
Masonry Scaffold
Walk Through Scaffold
Narrow Ladder Scaffold
9
What Are The Hazards Of Using Scaffolding?

• Falls from elevation caused by slipping, unsafe
  access, and the lack of fall protection. About 1
  in 5 of the fatal falls in construction occurs
  from scaffolding !!
• Struck by falling tools / debris
• Electrocution from overhead power lines
• Scaffold collapse - caused by instability or
  overloading
• Bad planking - giving way

10
Protect From Falls

• Each employee on a scaffold
• more than 10 feet
• is to be protected from
• falling to that lower level.

11
Fall Hazards
Falls may occur

• While climbing on or off the
  scaffold
• Working on unguarded scaffold platforms
• When scaffold platforms or planks fail

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Examples of fall hazards
What kind of scaffolding is this?
13
Examples of fall hazards
14
Examples of fall hazards
Fall Protection
Remember guardrails when above 10 feet !
Wheres my hard hat?
One in five falls in construction are from
scaffolds
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Overhead Power Lines
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Inspect the site for electrical lines

• OSHA minimum clearance distances from overhead
  power lines
•   Less than 300 volts 2 feet
• 300 volts to 50,000 volts10 feet
• More than 50,000 volts10 feet
• 4 inches for every 10,000 volts
• over 50,000 volts

De-energized?
17
The Competent Person
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Is anyone a competent person?

• Must be designated by the employer.
• Knowledge of the standard and experience to
  identify existing and predictable hazards in the
  surroundings or working conditions.
• Have the authority to take prompt corrective
  measures to eliminate hazards.
• Class room training alone is not enough.
• Should you document inspections?

19
A competent person is required to

• Select and direct employees to erect, dismantle,
  move, or alter scaffolds.
• Determine if it is safe to work on or from
  scaffolding during storms, high winds.
• Ensure personal fall arrest system or wind
  screens protect employees.
• Train employees involved in erecting scaffolds.
• Inspect for visible defects.

20
Train Employees Who Will Work From Scaffolding

• The nature of any electrical hazards, fall
  hazards, falling object hazards in the work area
• Correct procedures for dealing with electrical
  hazards and for erecting, maintaining and
  disassembling, the fall protection systems and
  falling object protection systems being used.

21
Train Employees Who Will Work From Scaffolding

• The proper use of the scaffold and the proper
  handling of materials on the scaffold
• The maximum intended load and the load-carrying
  capacities of the scaffold used
• Any other pertinent OSHA requirement

22
Train Employees Responsible For Erecting
Scaffolding

• Training conducted by a competent person
• Required training topics include
• The nature of scaffold hazards
• Correct procedures for erecting, disassembling,
  moving, operating, repairing, inspecting,
  maintaining
• Design criteria, maximum intended load carrying
  capacity and intended use of the scaffold
• Any other pertinent requirements of the OSHA
  regulations

23
Retrain Employees Responsible For Erecting
Scaffolding

• When the employer has reason to believe an
  employee lacks the skill or understanding needed
  for safe work involving the erection, use or
  dismantling
• When changes at the worksite create new hazards
  which were not covered in initial training
• When changes to the scaffolding, fall
  protection, falling object protection, or other
  equipment which were not covered in initial
  training

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Proper Scaffolding Set-up Requirements

• Inspect the site for electrical lines
• Ground must be level and firm - have it graded
• Requirements for baseplates and use of mudsills
• No fall protection for erectors
• Erectors must be trained

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Scaffold Platform Construction

• No paint on wood platforms
• Use scaffold grade wood
• Fully planked between front upright and
  guardrail support
• Component pieces used must match and be of the
  same type
• Erect on stable and level ground
• Lock wheels and braces (rolling scaffold)

26
Competent person responsibilities Scaffold
Inspections

• Competent person inspects scaffolds for visible
  defects before each shift and after any
  alterations
• Defective parts must be taken out of service.

Deformed bearer
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Essential Elements of SafeScaffold Construction

• Provide safe access to get on and off scaffolds
  and work platforms safely
• Keep scaffolds and work platforms free of debris.
  Keep tools and materials as neat as possible on
  scaffolds and platforms. These practices will
  help prevent materials from falling and workers
  from tripping.
• Erect scaffolds on firm and level foundations

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Essential Elements of SafeScaffold Construction

• Finished floors will normally support the load
  for a scaffold or work platform and provide a
  stable base.
• Place scaffold legs on firm footing and secure
  from movement or tipping, especially surfaces on
  dirt or similar surfaces (Figure 7a and 7b).
• Erect and dismantle scaffolds only under the
  supervision of a competent person.
• Each scaffold must be capable of supporting its
  own weight and 4 times the maximum intended load.
  
• The competent person must inspect scaffolds
  before each use.

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These supports are not adequate!
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These supports are not adequate!
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These supports are not adequate!
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Scaffold Support Examples
Adjustable base plate called a screw jack
Base plate
Mud sills

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These supports are not adequate!
Inadequate support in danger of
collapse?
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Personal Fall Arrest Systems (PFAS)

• You must be trained how to properly use PFAS
• PFAS include anchorage, lifeline and body
  harness.
• Ladder Jack Scaffolding requires PFAS be utilized

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Guardrails

• Install along open sides ends before releasing
  the scaffold for use to employees.
• Guard rails are not required when front end of
  platforms are less than 14 inches from the face
  of the work.
• Top rails - 38 to 45 inches tall.

36
Guardrails and Crossbracing

• Toprail - Must be between 38 to 45 inches.
• when the crosspoint of the crossbracing is used
  as a toprail, it must be between 38 and 48
  inches.
• Midrails Must be halfway between top rail and
  platform.
• when a cross point of crossbracing is used as a
  midrail it must be between 20 30 inches above
  the work platform.

37
Fatal Fact Ice No Guardrails
Laborer was working on the third level of a
tubular welded frame scaffold which was covered
with ice and snow The scaffold was not fully
decked, there was no guardrail and no access
ladder The worker slipped and fell head first 20
feet to the pavement below
38
Capacity

• Scaffolds and scaffold components shall not be
  loaded in excess of their maximum intended loads
  or rated capacities (whichever is less).
• Scaffold and scaffold components shall be capable
  of supporting, without failure, its own weight
  and at least 4 times the maximum intended load
  applied or transmitted to it .
• The employer shall inform all employees working
  with scaffolds of the maximum intended load for
  the scaffold in use .

39
Material Loading Of Scaffold

• Where swinging loads are being hoisted onto or
  near scaffolds such that the loads might contact
  the scaffold, tag lines or equivalent measures to
  control the loads shall be used.

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Platform and plank capacity

• Fabricated (laminated wood) planks and platforms
  may be used in lieu of solid sawn wood planks.
• Plank spans shall be as recommended by the
  manufacturer based on the maximum intended load.

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Maximum spans shall be as recommended by the
manufacturer based on the maximum intended load
being calculated as follows

• Rated load Capacity - Intended load
• Light duty 25 pounds per square foot applied
  uniformly over the entire span area.
• Medium duty 50 pounds per square foot applied
  uniformly over the entire span area.
• Heavy duty 75 pounds per square foot applied
  uniformly over the entire span area.

42
Maximum spans shall be as recommended by the
manufacturer based on the maximum intended load
being calculated as follows

• One-person 250 pounds placed at the center of
  the span (total 250 pounds).
• Two-person 250 pounds placed 18 inches to the
  left and right of the center of the span
  (total 500 pounds).
• Three-person 250 pounds placed at the center of
  the span and 250 pounds placed 18
  inches to the left and right of the
  center of the span (total 750 pounds).

43
Proximity to work

• Front edge of all scaffold platforms shall be
  positioned as close as practical to the structure
  being worked, but not more than 14 inches (35 cm)
  from the face of the structure unless a guardrail
  system meeting the requirements of 1910.28 is
  used.
• When scaffold frames cannot be positioned within
  this maximum distance, side brackets or other
  means may be used to extend the platform width to
  within 14 inches from the face of the structure
  being worked.

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Scaffold Platform Construction

• Platforms must
• be fully planked or decked with no more than 1
  inch gaps
• be able to support its weight 4 times maximum
  load
• be at least 18 inches wide

This is not a properly constructed scaffold
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Scaffold Platform Construction

• Each abutted end of plank must rest on a separate
  support surface
• Overlap platforms at least 12 inches over
  supports, unless restrained to prevent movement

Planks not properly overlapped
46
Scaffold Platform Construction

• No large gaps in front edge of platforms

47
Planking
48
Planking
Planks not properly overlapped. Overlap platforms
at least 12 inches over supports, unless
restrained to prevent movement
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Planking

• No large gaps in front edge of platforms
• Each abutted end of plank must rest on a separate
  support surface
• Overlap platforms at least 12 inches over
  supports, unless restrained to prevent movement

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Decking
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Scaffold Height

• The height of the scaffold should not be more
  than four times its minimum base dimension unless
  guys, ties, or braces are used

20
5
52
Access To Scaffolds
1926.451(e)(1)Safe access shall be provided to
scaffolds.
Violation - not set up to give safe access.
No violation - worker can step onto scaffold
directly from the ladder.
53
Scaffold Access

• No access by crossbraces
• When using ladders, bottom rung no more than 24
  inches high
• Can use some end frames
• Can access from another scaffold, structure or
  hoist

Do not access by crossbraces
End Frame
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Scaffolding hazards
Climbing end frames is not safe access
The ends of this scaffold are not properly guarded
55
Proper Scaffold Access

• Provide access when scaffold platforms are more
  than 2 feet above or below a point of access.
• Permitted types of access
• Ladders, such as portable, hook-on,
  attachable, stairway type, and built-ins
• Stair towers
• Ramps and walkways
• May use building stairs and come out window

56
Properly Accessing Scaffolds
Manufacturer designed ladder
Climbing on walkthroughs is not allowed
57
Brace scaffold using ties guys
ANCHORS GUYS
TIES
WIDE BASE

• It is the responsibility of the competent person
  to use the necessary ties, guys, braces or
  outriggers to prevent a supported scaffold from
  tipping.
• Also to assure that the supported scaffold poles,
  legs, post frames and uprights are plumb and
  braced to prevent swaying and displacement.

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When To Tie-Off A Supported Scaffold

• Ties, guys, and braces for a scaffold must be
  installed according to the scaffold
  manufacturer's recommendations.
• If the specifications are unknown then the
  standards at 29 CFR 1926.451(c)(1) must be
  followed. Which state
• The location of the guys, ties, and braces
  depends upon the width of the platform.
• and.

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When To Tie-Off A Supported Scaffold

• Beginning at 20 feet, all fabricated frame
  scaffolds with a height to base width greater
  than 4 to 1 shall be restrained by guying, tying
  or bracing.
• The location of the guys, ties, and braces
  depends upon the width of the platform
• Scaffolds lt 3 feet wide vertically every 20 feet
  or less and
• Scaffolds gt 3 feet wide every 26 feet or less.
• Horizontally at end, at intervals not to exceed
  30 feet from one end.

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Platform Ends
Each end of a platform, unless cleated or
otherwise restrained by hooks, must extend over
its support by at least 6 inches
No Cleats
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Supported Scaffolds

• Platforms supported by legs, outrigger beams,
  brackets, poles, uprights, posts, frames
• Restrain from tipping by guys, ties, or braces
• Scaffold poles, legs, posts, frames, and uprights
  must be on base plates and mud sills or other
  firm foundation

This support is not adequate!
62
Scaffolding Set-up and Use

• Installed according to manufacturers
  requirements.

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Scaffold use, wind and the competent person

• Work on or from scaffolds is prohibited during
  storms or high winds unless a competent person
  determines it safe for employees to be on the
  scaffold and those employees are protected by
  personal fall arrest system.

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Scaffold use, wind and the competent person

• Employer to ensure that the addition of a tarp to
  a scaffold does not overload the scaffold.
• Wind screens shall not be used unless the
  scaffold is secured against the anticipated wind
  forces imposed.

65
Scaffold use, wind and the competent person

• Must have
• Training and knowledgeable about the structural
  integrity of a scaffold
• Must understand how loads imposed by a tarp
  enclosure can affect scaffold integrity

66
Scaffold use, wind and the competent person

• Experience alone does not qualify the designated
  employee as a competent person

67
Cross Braces When to use how not to use

• Follow manufacturers directions for placement
  and usage.
• No climbing on cross braces.

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Falling object protection

• In addition to wearing hardhats
• Barricade area below scaffold to forbid entry
  into that area
• Use panels or screens if material is stacked
  higher than the toeboard
• Build a canopy or erect a net below the scaffold
  that will contain or deflect falling objects

69
Toeboards Design and Use

• Withstanding a 50 lb. force
• At least three and one-half inches high
• Securely fastened
• Not more than 1/4 inch clearance above the
  walking/working surface.
• Solid or with openings not over one inch in the
  greatest dimension.

70
Ladder Jack Scaffolds

•  Platforms shall not exceed a height greater than
  20 feet
• All ladders used to support ladder jack scaffolds
  shall meet 29 CFR 1926.452 subpart X - "Stairways
  and Ladders", except, that job made ladders shall
  not be used to support ladder jack scaffolds
• The ladder jack shall be designed and constructed
  such that it will bear on the side rails and
  ladder rungs alone. If bearing on rungs only,
  the bearing area shall include a length of at
  least 10 inches on each rung
• Ladders used to support ladder jacks shall be
  placed, fastened or equipped with devices to
  prevent slipping and
• Scaffold platforms shall not be bridged one to
  another.

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Pump Jack Scaffold

• Erected no higher than 30 feet
• Tie off onto building
• Plank width minimum 12 inches
• Fall protection
• Guardrail set up

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Pump Jack Scaffold
1926.451(g)(1) Guardrails are required at all
open sides and ends of scaffolds. Violation
Ends are not guarded on this narrow scaffold.
73
Pump Jack Scaffold
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Aerial lifts and fall protection

• Always stand firmly on the floor of the basket,
  do not sit or climb on the edge of the basket or
  use planks, ladders, or other devices for a work
  position.
• Employees working from aerial lifts must be
  tied-off.
• Tie-off' means the act of an employee, wearing
  personal fall protection equipment, connecting
  directly or indirectly to an anchorage.
• Lanyards and vertical lifelines which tie-off one
  employee shall have a minimum breaking strength
  of 5,000 pounds.
• Anchorages to which personal fall arrest
  equipment is attached shall be capable of
  supporting at least 5,000 pounds per employee
  attached, or shall be designed, installed, and
  used as part of a complete personal fall arrest
  system which maintains a safety factor of at
  least two, under the supervision of a qualified
  person.
• A body belt is permitted only if it is part of a
  restraint system.

75
Aerial lifts and fall protection

• A worker may enter or exit an aerial lift (at
  heights above 6 feet) provided that fall
  protection (guardrails or a fall arrest system)
  is used while the worker moves between the lift
  and the working surface.
• During entry to and egress from the lift, a
  worker may tie-off to the lift (if the lift is
  designed to withstand the vertical and lateral
  loads imposed by the employee's movement itself
  or by an arrested fall) or to an appropriate
  nearby structure.
• The aerial lift requirements (1926.453)
  incorporate by reference the definition of aerial
  lifts used in the American National Standards
  Institute (ANSI) A92.2-1969 standard.

76
Fatal Fact Moving a Lift
Employee was operating an aerial lift, with an
extendable boom rotating work platform The boom
was fully extended and the machine apparently ran
over some bricks, causing the boom to flex or
spring, throwing the employee from the
basket The employee fell 37 feet to a concrete
surface
77
Employee Responsibilities

• Ensure guardrails are in place
• Use proper access
• Look at planking for proper overlap and cracks
• Scaffold is plumb and secure

78
How do we protect employees on scaffolds?

• Train them! And, in addition, use of either of
  the following
• Guardrails, midrails (and toeboards when
  required) along all open sides and ends or, a
  personal fall arrest system (PFAS)

79
Train Employees Which Will Work From Scaffolding

• Training conducted by a person qualified in the
  subject matter to recognize the hazards
  associated with the type of scaffold being used
  and understand the procedures to control or
  minimize those hazards.

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Avoid the Main Hazards of Scaffolds

• Falls from elevation
• Bad planking
• Scaffold collapse
• Getting struck by falling tools or debris
• Electrocution

81
Summary
Remember to

• Use appropriate scaffold construction methods
• Erect, move, or alter scaffold properly
• Protect from falling objects or tools
• Ensure stable access
• Use a competent person
• Train on scaffold construction and the hazards
  involved with scaffolds
• Inspect scaffold before each shift and after
  alterations
• Determine fall protection requirements

82
Job made scaffolding
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Safe work practices and training
84
Working height and protection
Work is at 26 feet Violation?
85
Scaffolding use
86
Proper use?
87
Erecting using fall protection
88
Scaffolding set up
89
Accident
90
Find the hazard
Guard rail at 10 feet or PFAS
Bricks are a falling object
Warm soda health hazard
Fully planked?
Overhang or cleated
91
Is there a hazard?
92
(No Transcript)
93
Find the violation
94
Whats missing here?
95
The End

• Every reasonable effort has been made to prepare
  this document using the most current, correct,
  and clearly expressed information possible.
  However, inadvertent errors may occur. The Ohio
  OSHA On-Site Consultation Program disclaims any
  responsibility for typographical errors and the
  accuracy of the information contained in this
  document. The information and data included in
  this document have been compiled by the Ohio OSHA
  On-Site Consultation staff from a variety of
  sources that are subject to change without
  notice. The Ohio OSHA On-Site Consultation
  Program makes no warranties or representations
  whatsoever regarding the quality, content,
  completeness, suitability, adequacy, sequence,
  accuracy, or timeliness of such information and
  data.