CCNA 1 Version 3'0

1
CCNA 1 Version 3.0

• Module 1
• Introduction to Networking

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Internet Connection

• 3 requirements of Internet Connection
• Physical Connection used to transfer signals
  between PCs within the local network to devices
  on Internet (made through modem or NIC)
• Logical Connection uses protocols or standards
  (rules and conventions for governing how devices
  communicate)
• Application interprets data and displays info
  in understandable form

3
Web Browser (Application)

• Web Browsers
• display HTML as a web page
• Use FTP to download files
• Uses proprietary plug-in applications to display
  special proprietary file types (movies, flash
  animation)
• A Web Browser
• Contacts a web server
• Requests info
• Receives info
• Displays results on screen application part
• Examples Netscape Internet Explorer

4
Plug-Ins

• Standard web browsers cannot display many
  special, or proprietary, file types
• To view these files, the browser must be
  configured to use plug-in applications
• These applications work in conjunction with the
  browser to launch the program required to view
  the special files
• Flash Player/Shockwave Player, Adobe Acrobat
  Reader, Windows Media Player, Quicktime, Real
  Player

5
PC Basics

• Small Discrete Components
• Transistors, integrated circuits, resistors,
  capacitors, connectors, LEDs
• Personal Computer Subsystem
• Printed Circuit Board (PCB), CPU, microprocessor,
  motherboard, bus, RAM, ROM, expansion slots,
  power supply
• Backplane Components
• Backplane, NIC, video card, audio card, parallel
  port, serial port, mouse port, power cord

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Network Interface Card (NIC)

• A NIC is a printed circuit board
• A NIC is required for a physical connection from
  a PC to a network

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Network Interface Card (NIC)

• Provides network communication capabilities to
  and from a PC
• Also called a LAN adapter, a NIC plugs into a
  motherboard and provides a port for connecting to
  the network
• Expansion board inserted into a computer so that
  the computer can be connected to a network
• The Internet physical layer connection could
  utilize a modem or NIC and is used to transfer
  data between PC and local network

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Selecting a NIC

• Type of network/protocols
• Ethernet most common
• Token Ring
• Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
• Type of medium
• Twisted pair, coaxial, fiber, wireless
• Type of system bus
• Industry-Standard Architecture (ISA)
• Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)-faster

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NIC and Modem installation

• The NIC lets hosts connect to the network key
  component
• Situations that require NIC installation
• Adding NIC to PC without one
• Replacing a bad or damaged NIC
• Upgrading
• 10Mbps to 10/100Mbps
• NICs and Modems are used to make a physical
  connection to a network from a PC

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High Speed and Dial-up Connectivity

• Early 60s Modems introduced (300 bits per
  second (bps))
• 1970s Bulletin Board System (BBS)
• 1980s increase in demand for transfer of larger
  files
• 1990s modem speed 9600 up t o 56 kbps
• 2000 demand for high speed services
• DSL and Cable Modem always on

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TCP/IP

• Transmission Control Protocol
• Internet Protocol
• protocols are rules and conventions developed to
  allow cooperating computers to share resources
  across a network
• To enable TCP/IP on a workstation, it must be
  configured using the operating system tools, IP
  address, subnet mask, default gateway, domain
  name server (DNS)

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PING

• Used to verify connectivity
• Sends multiple IP packets to a specified
  destination
• Each packet is a request for a reply

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PING

• Ping can test
• The transmit/receive function of a NIC (also
  verifies operation of the TCP/IP stack)
• ping 127.0.0.1 (internal loopback address of a
  node tests computer you are working at)
• The TCP/IP Configuration
• ping ip address of a host (another computer on
  the network)
• Network Connectiviy
• ping ip address of default-gateway or remote host

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Troubleshooting

• Problems can be located in software, hardware, or
  network configuration
• Check physical connections first.
• Dont overlook the obvious!
• Divide and Conquer (ex. Binary Search)

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Binary Numbers

• Computers can only understand and use data that
  is in this two-state (binary) format either on
  or off
• 1 represents an ON state
• 0 represents an OFF state
• 1s and 0s are called binary digits or bits
• American Standard Code for Information
  Interchange (ASCII), most commonly used code for
  representing alphanumeric data

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ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Exchange)

• Used to represent alpha-numeric data in a computer

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Bits Bytes

• Computers are designed to use groupings of 8 bits
  (1 byte)
• 1 byte a single addressable storage location (a
  value or single character of data)
• 8 ON or OFF switches
• 28 256 total number of combinations of ON/OFF
• Value of 1 byte can be anywhere from 0 - 255

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Base 10 number system

• The number system used most frequently is the
  decimal, or Base 10, number system
• Called Base 10 because it uses ten symbols (0-9)

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Base 2 number system

• Computers use binary, Base 2 numbering system
• Uses only two symbols ( 0 and 1 )

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Base 16 number system

• The Base 16, hexadecimal (hex), is used
  frequently when working with computers because it
  can represent binary numbers in a more readable
  form
• (0 thru 9) (A thru F) 16
• 10 6 16

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Base 16 or Hexadecimal

• 0x precedes number to indicate hex
• hex 5D may be written as 0x5D
• All possible combinations of 4 binary digits can
  be converted to only 1 hex symbol

• 16 symbols
• (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F)

10 11 12 13 14 15
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Binary Conversion
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Converting decimal to binary

• REMEMBER
• 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

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Network Addressing

• Network Addresses are 32-bit binary numbers
  called IP (Internet Protocol) Address
• Written as 4-octet dotted decimal
• Each octet contains 8 bits

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IP Address Network Mask

• Some bits on left side of address represent a
  network number
• The number of network bits depends on the address
  class
• Bits left over identify a particular computer on
  the network (host)
• Subnetwork Mask another 32-bit number used to
  inform a computer how the 32-bit IP address has
  been split.
• Subnet Mask identifies how many bits make up the
  network (1s for the Network bits and 0s for the
  host bits)

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IP Addressing Subnet Masking

• IP Address 10.34.23.134
• 00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110
• Subnet Mask 255.248.0.0
• 11111111.11111000.00000000.00000000
• Perform the Boolean AND function
• Convert both to binary
• Compare bit for bit
• 0 and 0 0
• 1 and 0 0
• 1 and 1 1
• Convert back to binary to get network number in
  32-bit dotted decimal

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BOOLEAN AND function

• 00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110
• 11111111.11111000.00000000.00000000
• 00001010.00100000.00000000.0000000
• 10. 32. 0.
  0.

IP address 10.32.23.134 belongs to the 10.32.0.0
network
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CCNA 1 Version 3.0
THE END

• Module 1
• Introduction to Networking