Electrical and Computer Engineering

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Electrical and Computer Engineering

• Jeff Frolik, Assistant Professor

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Outline

• Where are electrical devices used?
• Fields within Electrical Engineering
• Exciting future for Electrical Engineers
• Wireless Communications (in your lifetime)

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Where are Electrical Devices Used?

• Home
• Office
• Medical
• Military
• Manufacturing
• Power

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Home

• Television
• VCR
• Remote Control
• Antenna
• Clock Radio
• Audio Compact Disk
• Home Computer

• Electric Stove
• MP3 Player
• Electric Water Heater
• Microwave Oven
• Video Games

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Work Place

• Desktop PC
• Laptop PC
• Copy/Fax Machine
• Computer Network
• Video Conferencing
• Cellular Telephone
• Supercomputers

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Medical

• Ultrasonics
• MRI Imaging
• CAT scan
• EKG
• EEG
• Digital Thermometers

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Military

• Radar
• Guided Missile
• Smart Bomb
• Aerospace Electronics
• Autopilot/UAV
• Infrared Imaging
• Digital Image Processing
• Satellite
• Global Positioning System

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Manufacturing

• Robotics
• Inventory Control
• Visual Inspection System
• Electronic Instrumentation
• Computer-controlled Processes
• Semiconductors
• Electric Welding
• Laser Cutting
• Computer Integrated Manufacturing

http//www.extremepumpkins.com/detsciencen.html
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Power Systems

• Power Generator
• Motor
• Transformer
• Transmission Line
• Distribution System
• Alternative Energy Sources

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Where are Electrical Devices Used?

• EVERYWHERE!

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Fields within Electrical Engineering

• Aerospace Electronics
• Antennas
• Broadcast Technology
• Circuits and Systems
• Communications
• Computers
• Consumer Electronics
• Control Systems
• Education

• Electromagnetics
• Industrial Electronics
• Instrumentation

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More Fields within Electrical Engineering

• Lasers
• Magnetics
• Microwave
• Plasma Science
• Power Electronics
• Reliability
• Robotics

• Semiconductors
• Signal Processing
• Ultrasonics
• Vehicular Technology

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Exciting Future for Electrical and Computer
Engineers

• High Definition TV
• Superconductors
• Smart Weapons
• Supercomputers
• Electric Cars
• Micromotors
• Sensing Computers
• Virtual Reality
• Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS)

• Video Phones
• Lasers
• Clean Power Sources
• Smart Cars
• Smart Robots
• Computer Vision

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Wireless Communications During Your Lifetime (So
Far!)
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Wireless Communication Systems WHY?

• Camels Hump School survey
• Better what?
• Better what?
• Better what?

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Wireless Communication Systems WHY?

• Wired transmission media - wire/fiber
• Wireless transmission media - air
• Quick installation of infrastructure ?
• e.g., straight to mobile in developing countries
• User mobility ?
• Shared access of channel (airwaves) ?

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Todays Talk
WLAN
Your life (thus far)
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Frequency Spectrum

• How is the air shared?
• Different applications use different frequency
  bands
• AM radio 530-1600 kHz
• FM radio 88-108 MHz
• TV CH 2-13 54-88 178-216 MHz
• CH 14-83 470-890 MHz
• Cellular 824-894 MHz
• Cellular PCS 1.8-2.0 GHz
• Wi-Fi 2.45-2.50 GHz, 5.725-5.875 GHz
• DBS Satellite 12.2-12.7 GHz
• Note the higher you go in frequency, the more
  room you have

Spectrum Analyzer
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Mobile Communications

• Two-way Radio
• Pro
• Pro
• Con
• Con

• Cell Phone
• Pro
• Pro
• Con
• Con

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1G Cellular Systems (1983)

• Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
• Limited coverage few cell towers
• Channelized analog system
• What was wrong with it?

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1G Cellular Systems (1983)

• Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
• Limited coverage few cell towers
• Channelized analog system
• What was wrong with it?
• Hint What is the biggest component in your cell
  phone?

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1G Cellular Systems (1983)

• Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
• Limited coverage few cell towers
• Channelized analog system
• Question what was wrong with it?
• Battery Killer
• Few sites further distance to transmit
• Analog system always sending a signal during
  call

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The Fix

• Demand for service
• Increased coverage area
• Increase cell density
• Advances in digital technology
• 2G systems (1993)
• Digital systems compress and send data as
  available
• Result more efficient use of batteries
• Less distance to send
• Less time sending

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Whats next?

• 3G systems
• Voice
• Internet
• Music
• Video
• Games

Images courtesy Motorola
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Whats next?

• 3G systems
• Voice
• Internet
• Music
• Video
• Games

Problem?
Images courtesy Motorola
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Whats next?

• 3G systems
• Voice
• Internet
• Music
• Video
• Games

Problem more time on per hour results in shorter
battery life
Images courtesy Motorola
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Television Broadcasting

• Terrestrial Broadcast TV
• An analog system of limited range
• Each channel occupies 6 MHz
• Regular Cable same technology, just over wire
• Need for an alternative?
• Cable not available everywhere
• Cable had a monopoly
• Analog system had a limited number of channel (82)

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Satellite Broadcast Television
Shaped pattern
HUB
22,400 miles
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Direct to Home Satellite TV (1986)

• C-band (4 GHz)
• 6 foot dishes
• Analog system
• 6 MHz channels
• Few channels per satellite

Image Daves Web Shop
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Direct to Home Satellite TV (1986)

• C-band (4 GHz)
• 6 foot dishes
• Analog system
• 6 MHz channels
• Few channels per satellite

Problems?
Image Daves Web Shop
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Direct to Home Satellite TV (1986)

• C-band (4 GHz)
• 6 foot dishes
• Analog system
• 6 MHz channels
• Few channels per satellite

• Problems
• cumbersome/expensive equipment
• expensive hardware
• limited channel selection

Image Daves Web Shop
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DBS Receiver Technology

• Ku-band (higher frequency) enables small
  receiving dish
• Digital signal provides
• CD quality sound
• Better picture
• Additional services
• More channels 500!

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DBS Summary

• Promise of high-quality, nation-wide service
  obtained
• DirecTV and Echo Star
• Advantages
• Easy to add new customers (database change)
• Disadvantages
• Large customer and venture investment up-front
• No standard among providers
• Compression can break down
• Cable has caught up
• Limited bandwidth, HDTV?
• Rainfade (FL - high gain slope and rain rates)

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Satellite Radio (2002)

• Two competing and incompatible systems XM and
  Sirius
• Like Direct Broadcast Television in idea
• Smaller antenna
• No need to point
• Coming next, Digital Radio in the AM and FM
  bands.
• Static free
• Additional features (e.g., play list)

Image Sony
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Iridium (1998)

• Cell coverage around the world through a 66
  satellite network
• Low earth orbit 485 miles
• First phones were brick size/weight
• Pricing is way too high (dollars/minute) for
  general consumer
• Land based systems in other countries built out
  faster than expected
• 4 B and company filed for bankruptcy
• Niche market for private planes, boats, artic
  explorers and military
• Lesson learned (probably not) Just because you
  can do something, doesnt mean you should

Source Iridium
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Wireless Networks (2000)
W-LAN
W-PAN
Bluetooth
802.11 b (WI-FI)
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Bluetooth - PAN

• In the office
• In the car
• Soda machine

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Coverage Area in Wireless
Not uniform in practice
Source University of Kansas' Information
Telecommunications Technology Center and Kansas
Applied Remote Sensing Program
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So what is happening now!

• TODAY 10 million users in the US check mail or
  surf the web wirelessly via mobile phones or
  handheld computers
• WLAN
• 802.11b (11 Mbps) and Bluetooth (720 kbps)
• Satellite based systems
• XM and Sirius digital radio
• OnStar telematics
• In building wireless
• Your mobile phone becomes part of the company
  exchange inbuilding
• Maintains regular mobile functions off-campus
• THE FIELD IS MARKET DRIVEN!

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What is Next? Wireless Sensor Networks

• Very sophisticated, low-cost and ubiquitous
  sensing networks using many, broadly distributed
  sensors

3G, WLAN
NETWORK
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Wireless Sensor Networks

• Very sophisticated, low-cost and ubiquitous
  sensing networks using many, broadly distributed
  sensors
• The system is sophisticated but the individual
  components can be dumb

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Why is this an important area?

• Industry
• 90 of instrumentation costs deal with
  installation (e.g., mounting and routing of
  cabling)
• Military
• Can sensor systems replace human sentinels and
  save lives?
• Environmental
• In situ sensing is more accurate than remote
  sensing

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Sample Wireless Sensor ApplicationSmart Bobbers

• Ubiquitous sensing of watershed processes (e.g.,
  chemicals, hydrology and nutrients)
• Fully integrated floating sensing, processing and
  communicating device
• Information enables dynamic modeling and adaptive
  management of resources

Watershed
Data Reception Sensor Fusion
Adaptive Management
Dynamic Modeling
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End ResultRemote Monitoring of Spatial-Temporal
Data
http//quake.wr.usgs.gov/recenteqs/latest.htm
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Student Project - Hardware
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Math is Important!

• FM modulation

CALCULUS Power Series Expansion
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Communications is Important!

• Engineers must be able to communicate their ideas
• To their colleagues/clients
• In written reports
• In oral presentations

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Key Points

• Electrical Engineers work in all aspects of
  society
• In less than 20 years, wireless communications
  has become nearly ubiquitous
• Technology without a market is doomed to fail
• Your math courses and communication skills form a
  key foundation for electrical engineering
• The future is up to you!