OXYGEN DELIVERY

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OXYGEN DELIVERY
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Components of O2 Transport System
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Organization of the Cardiovascular System
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Respiratory System
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Respiratory Membrane
Gas exchange in the alveoli
Differences in the partial pressures of the gases
in the alveoli and the blood create a pressure
gradient across the membrane. If pressure is
equal, nothing would take place.
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Alveoli
O2
Capillary
O2
CO2
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Pulmonary Diffusion

• 2 functions
• Replenishes the O2 blood supply after being
  depleted at the tissue level
• Removes CO2 from returning venous blood
• 2 requirements
• air brings O2 into the lungs
• blood to receive the O2 and give up CO2

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Diffusion and Solubility of Gases

• Diffusion most rapid over short distances
• At alveolar and systemic capillaries

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The Aerobic System

• Oxygen Deficit difference between total oxygen
  consumed during exercise and amount that would
  have been used at steady-rate of aerobic
  metabolism.

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The difference between Oxygen Debt and Oxygen
Deficit

• Oxygen deficit is the process of getting into
  debt
• Oxygen debt how much oxygen needs to be repaid.

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Oxygen debt

• After we use anaerobic respiration we have to
• restore our glycogen (chains of glucose) levels,
• re-synthesise creatine phosphate
• and build up our stored supply of ATP. The
  amount of oxygen require to do this is called
  oxygen debt.
• convert lactic acid back to pyruvic acid,
• Example If you do something that requires 6L of
  oxygen (to do the things above) but you only take
  in 2L then your oxygen debt is 4L.

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Oxygen Deficit

• Energy provided during the oxygen deficit phase
  represents a predominance of anaerobic energy
  transfer.
• Steady-rate oxygen uptake during light moderate
  intensity exercise is similar for trained
  untrained.
• Trained person reaches steady-rate quicker, has
  smaller O2 deficit.

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Oxygen Deficit and Debt During Light-Moderate and
Heavy Exercise
Fig 4.3
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Fig 4.5
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Oxygen Uptake during Recovery

• Light exercise rapidly attains steady-rate and
  small oxygen deficit.
• Moderate to heavy takes longer to reach
  steady-rate oxygen deficit considerably larger.

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Oxygen Uptake during Recovery

• Four reasons why excess post-exercise oxygen
  consumption (EPOC) takes longer to return to
  baseline following strenuous
• Oxygen deficit is smaller in moderate exercise
• Steady-rate oxygen uptake is achieved versus in
  exhaustive exercise never attained
• Lactic acid accumulates in strenuous exercise
• Body temperature increased considerably more.

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ADAPTATIONS
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Maximum Oxygen Uptake

• The point when VO2 plateaus with additional
  workloads.
• Maximum VO2 indicates an individuals capacity
  for aerobic resynthesis of ATP.
• Additional exercise above the max VO2 can be
  accomplished by anaerobic glycolysis.

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Effects on the Heart.

• Long term effects on the
• heart include the
• enlargement of the heart
• chambers and a
• thickness/strengthening of its
• muscular walls.
• This means the heart beats
• much more strongly and
• delivers blood to the
• circulation system far more
• efficiently.

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HEART RATE.

• Resting heart rate is much lower in trained
  athletes than in others.
• This allows the heart to do same amount of work
  as before but with less effort.
• Its capacity to work at a higher levels and for
  much longer periods is increased.

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STROKE VOLUME

• As a result of regular training, Stroke
  volume(amount of blood per beat) can, in some
  cases to more than double of untrained athlete.

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CARDIAC OUTPUT

• The increased efficiency of the heart produced
  by regular training means the total amount of
  blood that can be processed in one minute is much
  increased. This is a result of the combined
  effect of a larger stroke volume and lower
  resting heart rate.

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Results Of Training-
• Arteries become larger and more elastic.(reduces
  pressure)
• Increase in Haemoglobin due to increase in red
  blood cells.
• Lower levels of fat in blood, body learns to use
  this fat as energy source.
• Greater capacity to process lactic acid during
  exercise.

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BREATHING..

• LT-Effects of Training-
• Increase in alveoli in lungs, this increases lung
  capacity.
• Increases volume of 02 passed through the
  lungs into blood stream.
• We can maintain higher levels of activity for
  longer periods.
• We can meet demands of muscles for oxygen more
  easily.
• Improvement in anaerobic work, due to more oxygen
  being stored in muscles before exercise begins.

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Breathing continued.

• Increased efficiency of respiratory system
  improves gaseous exchange.
• Greater level of carbon dioxide and other waste
  products can be removed from the body during and
  after exercise.
• Less likely to get out of breath carrying out
  everyday tasks.

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Body Composition

• Body composition is effected by regular exercise
  and training. Our bones become stronger as a
  result of increased levels of calcium production.
• Our muscles become stronger and tendons become
  stronger and more elastic.

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Effects on Muscles

• Muscles respond to long term activity in number
  of ways-
• muscle size increases
• muscle composition changes
• muscle capacity/adaptability increases
• tendons/ligaments adapt to the demands of
  exercise by becoming stronger and more flexible.

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L-T Effects on the rate of Recovery

• The body is able recover from physical activity
  far more quickly.
• A fitter individual is likely to recover from
  injury more quickly than an unfit one.
• With increased activity(progression), our bodies
  will learn to cope with new levels of activity.

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• Aerobic Power - Vo2 max
• with endurance training - more oxygen delivered
  - 6 months training - increase
  in VO2 max of 20 percent - perform e.
• activities at higher work rate, faster.

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A - CV Adaptations To Training

• 1) Heart Size - hearts weight, volume, LV wall
  thickness, chamber size increase - Athletes
  Heart
  LV internal
  dimension increases - increase in ventricular
  filling (rise in plasma volume),
  LV wall thickness, increase (hypertrophy)
  - increase in strength potential of its
  contractions.
• 2) Stroke Volume - higher after endurance tr.
  at rest, during exercise,
  stronger
  heart, availability of greater blood volume
  increase in EDV, increase in EF.

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• 3) Heart Rate (HR) - decrease of HR after
  endurance tr. (elite athletes 30 - 40 beats
  (min.) - increase in parasympathetic
  tone. At submaximal exercise tr. - decrease of HR
  by about 20 - 40 beats/min. after 6 months.
  Maximal HR - unchanged or
  slightly decreased (allowing for optimum SV
  to maximize CO). HR recovery time -
  decrease - well suited to tracking an
  indviduals progress with tr.
• 4) Cardiac Output (CO) - at rest, during
  submaximal levels of ex. - unchanged , at maximal
  levels - considerable increase (mainly by ?of
  SV). CO in untrained 14 - 16
  l/min., 40 l intrained athletes.

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• 5) Blood Flow (BF)
• enhanced muscle blood supply following
• training
• a) increased capillarization of trained muscles
  
• - new capillaries develop - ? capillary to
  fiber ratio
• b) greater opening of existing capillaries
• c) more effective blood redistribution (shunting
  
• away from areas that dont need high
  flow)
• 6) Blood Pressure (BP) - resting blood pressure
  
• reduced, no changes during submaximal
  
• or maximal work rates.

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Metabolic Adaptations

• Lactate Threshold - E. tr. -? lactate thr.
  n - higher rate of work at higher
  rate of O2 consumption without raising blood
  lactate. Maximal blood lactate levels increase
  slightly.

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• Maximal O2 Consumption - substantial increase
  following training - individual limitation, major
  limiting factor