Data, Information

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Data, Information Knowledge 1
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Data

• Data are raw facts and figures that on their own
  have no meaning
• These can be any alphanumeric characters i.e.
  text, numbers, symbols

Note the are bit above? What does this mean?
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Data Examples

• Yes, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes
• 42, 63, 96, 74, 56, 86
• 111192, 111234
• None of the above data sets have any meaning
  until they are given a CONTEXT and PROCESSED into
  a useable form

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Data Into Information

• To achieve its aims the organisation will need to
  process data into information.
• Data needs to be turned into meaningful
  information and presented in its most useful
  format
• Data must be processed in a context in order to
  give it meaning

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Information

• Data that has been processed within a context to
  give it meaning
• OR
• Data that has been processed into a form that
  gives it meaning

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Examples

• In the next 3 examples explain how the data could
  be processed to give it meaning
• What information can then be derived from the
  data?

Suggested answers are given at the end of this
presentation
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Example 1
Raw Data

• Yes, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, Yes

Responses to the market research question
Would you buy brand x at price y?
Context
Processing
Information
???
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Example 2
Raw Data

• 42, 63, 96, 74, 56, 86

Jaynes scores in the six AS/A2 ICT modules
Context
Processing
Information
???
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Example 3
Raw Data

• 111192, 111234

The previous and current readings of a customers
gas meter
Context
Processing
Information
???
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Exam Tip

• Youll nearly always be asked to give examples of
  data processed into information
• Dont use
• Traffic lights
• Dates of birth

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Knowledge

• Knowledge is the understanding of rules needed to
  interpret information

the capability of understanding the
relationship between pieces of information and
what to actually do with the information
Debbie Jones www.teach-ict.com
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Knowledge Examples

• Using the 3 previous examples
• A Marketing Manager could use this information to
  decide whether or not to raise or lower price y
• Jaynes teacher could analyse the results to
  determine whether it would be worth her
  re-sitting a module
• Looking at the pattern of the customers previous
  gas bills may identify that the figure is
  abnormally low and they are fiddling the gas
  meter!!!

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Knowledge Workers

• Knowledge workers have specialist knowledge that
  makes them experts
• Based on formal and informal rules they have
  learned through training and experience
• Examples include doctors, managers, librarians,
  scientists

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Expert Systems

• Because many rules are based on probabilities
  computers can be programmed with subject
  knowledge to mimic the role of experts
• One of the most common uses of expert systems is
  in medicine
• The ONCOLOG system shown here analyses patient
  data to provide a reference for doctors, and help
  for the choice, prescription and follow-up of
  chemotherapy

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Summary
Information
Data
Context
Meaning



Processing
Data raw facts and figures
Information data that has been processed (in a
context) to give it meaning
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Revision Tasks

• Use the Teach-ICT mini site to make your own
  notes on the differences between data, knowledge
  and information
• http//www.teach-ict.com/as_a2/topics/data_info_kn
  ow/datainfo/index.htm
• Try questions 1-6 on this worksheet
• http//www.teach-ict.com/as_a2/topics/data_info_kn
  ow/data_worksheet.doc

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Suggested answers to examples

• Example 1
• We could add up the yes and no responses and
  calculate the percentage of customers who would
  buy product X at price Y. The information could
  be presented as a chart to make it easier to
  understand.
• Example 2
• Adding Jaynes scores would give us a mark out of
  600 that could then be converted to an A level
  grade. Alternatively we could convert the
  individual module results into grades.
• Example 3
• By subtracting the second value from the first we
  can work out how many units of gas the consumer
  has used. This can then be multiplied by the
  price per unit to determine the customers gas
  bill.