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Animal Structure and Function

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Shapes cuboidal, columnar, sqamous (flattened) ... Organ systems carry out major body functions. Body Plans. Animal's size and shape - body plans. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Animal Structure and Function


1
Animal Structure and Function
  • Chapter 40

2
Functional Anatomy
  • Animal adaptations evolved through time by
    natural selection.
  • Can also adapt over short periods of time.
  • Chemical energy needed for searching for food,
    generating body heat, regulating internal
    temperature, etc..

3
http//www.no-pest.com/CruisinForaBruisin'.JPG
4
  • Bioenergetics - how organisms obtain, process,
    and use their energy resources.
  • All animals have correlation between form
    (anatomy) and function (physiology).

5
http//shs.westport.k12.ct.us/mjvl/anatomy/juggler
s.gif
6
  • Tissues make up organs, organs ? organ systems ?
    organisms.
  • Tissues - groups of cells with common structure
    and function.
  • 4 types of tissues epithelial, connective,
    muscle, nervous.

7
http//www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/
stomTS.gif
8
  • 1Epithelial covers body, lines organs and
    cavities in body.
  • Cells joined tightly together.
  • Prevents fluid loss, invasion of microorganisms.
  • Attached to underlying tissue by basement
    membrane.

9
http//www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/miller/0136
2fig6-1.gif
10
  • ASimple epithelium single-layered.
  • BStratified multi-layered.
  • Shapes cuboidal, columnar, sqamous (flattened)
  • Glandular secretes fluid can line respiratory
    system (produces mucous)

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  • 2Connective tissue binds, supports other
    tissue.
  • Cells scattered throughout matrix.
  • Matrix made of fibers.
  • 3 types of fibers 1collagenous (collagen
    tough), 2elastic (elastin, flexible), 3reticular
    (thin and branched connect to adjoining tissues)

13
Reticular fibers
http//www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/reticct
.jpg
14
  • Major types - loose connective tissue, adipose
    tissue, fibrous connective tissue, cartilage,
    bone, and blood.
  • ALoose connective - packing materials, holding
    organs in place.
  • 2 cell types 1Fibroblasts (secrete proteins),
    2Macrophages (engulf bacteria)

15
http//www.sci.sdsu.edu/histology/hi_res/jpg/ct01o
h.jpg
16
  • BAdipose - insulates body, stores fuel as fat
    molecules.
  • Contains large fat droplet that swells when fat
    is stored, shrinks when body uses fat as fuel.

17
http//www.deltagen.com/target/histologyatlas/atla
s_files/musculoskeletal/adipose_tissue_white_40x.j
pg
18
  • CFibrous connective - forms tendons (muscles to
    bones) and ligaments (bones to bones at joints)
  • DCartilage - flexible supports in certain
    locations, such as the nose, ears, and vertebral
    disks.
  • Chondrocytes secrete collagen.

19
http//www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/hcart.j
pg
20
  • EBone - mineralized connective tissue.
  • Osteoblasts deposit a matrix of collagen.
  • Bones consists of repeating units called osteons
    has nerves and blood vessels.

21
http//www.texarkanacollege.edu/mstorey/1407/bone
.jpg
22
  • FBlood - matrix liquid (plasma) has water, salts,
    variety of dissolved proteins.
  • Suspended in plasma erythrocytes (red blood cells
    carry oxygen), leukocytes (white blood cells
    fight invaders) cell fragments (platelets
    clotting)

23
http//www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/h
istoweb/blood/large/Blood000.JPG
24
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25
  • 3Nervous - senses stimuli, transmits signals from
    one part of animal to another functional unit
    neuron
  • Consists of cell body, 2 extensions (dendrites
    axons)
  • Dendrites transmit nerve impulses from tips
    toward rest of neuron.
  • Axons impulses toward another neuron or effector
    (muscle cell)

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  • 4Muscle composed of muscle fibers capable of
    contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses.
  • Fibers consist of contractile proteins actin and
    myosin.
  • 3 types skeletal, cardiac, smooth.

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  • ASkeletal responsible for voluntary movement
    striated.
  • BSmooth no striations found in walls of
    digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, other
    internal organs involuntary.
  • CCardiac striated and branched forms walls of
    heart muscle. Cells joined by intercalated
    discs involuntary.

30
http//www.lima.ohio-state.edu/academics/biology/i
mages/anatomy/Smooth20Muscle20400X.jpg
31
Functional Anatomy
  • Tissues organized into organs.
  • Mammals thoracic cavity lungs, heart
    separated from abdomen by diaphragm.
  • Tissues can be arranged in layers.
  • Organ systems carry out major body functions.

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34
Body Plans
  • Animals size and shape - body plans.
  • Physical requirements constrain natural
    selection.
  • Laws of hydrodynamics constrain shapes possible
    for aquatic organisms that swim very fast.

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36
  • Animals shape, size, determine how animal
    exchanges materials with surroundings.
  • Protist living in water plasma membrane large
    to exchange materials through diffusion.
  • Multicellular organisms many smaller cells able
    to exchange materials through each one.

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39
  • Flat body maximizes exposure to surroundings
    prevents internal complexity.
  • Most animals complex cells small compared to
    volume.
  • Allows animal to not be tied to land.
  • Internal organs can regulate body.

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41
Regulating Internal Environment
  • Internal environment of vertebrates
    interstitial fluid.
  • Exchanges nutrients and wastes.
  • Animals maintain homeostasis (internal balance)
    even when external environment changes.

42
http//titlev.fiu.edu/homeostasis/images/homeostas
is_home.jpg
43
  • Major internal changes are programmed to occur,
    such as during pregnancy.
  • Homeostatic control system has 3 parts receptor,
    control center, effector.
  • 1Receptor detects change in environment.
  • 2Control center processes change.
  • 3Effector directs response.

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45
  • Two types 1Negative feedback control change
    causes reaction in opposite direction.
  • Fever causes body to sweat to bring temperature
    down.
  • 2Positive change causes reaction in same
    direction.
  • Labor release in oxytocin increases uterine
    contractions.

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47
  • Regulated change important to survival.
  • Can by cyclical (hormones), or reactive (fever)
  • Internal regulation expensive in energy.

48
http//web.lemoyne.edu/hevern/psy340/graphics/neg
ative.feedback.jpg
49
Bioenergetics
  • Chemical energy needed for growth, repair,
    regulation, reproduction.
  • Food digested through hydrolysis, nutrients
    absorbed by cells.
  • ATP use creates heat that is lost to environment.
  • Energy left over used for bioenergetics.

50
http//www.topicazos.com/fotos/digestion.jpg
51
  • Bioenergetics - synthesis of storage material,
    production of reproductive structures, including
    gametes.
  • Flow of energy through animal sets limits on
    growth, behavior, reproduction, energy needs.

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53
  • Amount of energy used in given time metabolic
    rate.
  • Measured in calories.
  • Metabolic rate can be determined by measuring
    amount of heat produced.
  • 2 metabolic strategies used by animals.

54
http//www.nsf.gov/news/speeches/colwell/rc01aibs/
img004.jpg
55
  • 1Endothermic birds, mammals - maintain body
    temperature at certain level with heat generated
    by metabolism.
  • High-energy strategy allows for intense
    activity.
  • 2Ectothermic reptiles, amphibians - do not
    produce enough metabolic heat to effect body
    temperature.
  • Need less energy.

56
http//www.kidzone.ws/animals/polar_bear_2.jpg
57
  • Amount of energy needed to maintain homeostasis
    inversely proportionate (per gram) to size.
  • Each gram of a mouse consumes more energy than
    elephant.
  • Smaller animal higher metabolic rate to deliver
    oxygen, energy.

58
http//jan.ucc.nau.edu/sll/images/Elephant-mouse.
jpg
59
  • Metabolic rate of nongrowing endotherm at rest,
    with empty stomach, experiencing no stress -basal
    metabolic rate (BMR)
  • Metabolic rate of resting, fasting, nonstressed
    ectotherm - standard metabolic rate (SMR).

60
http//biology.unm.edu/jhbrown/Images/ScalingGraph
.GIF
61
  • Behavior above BMR or SMR consumes energy.
  • Maximal BMR determines amount of energy expended.
  • Ectotherms cannot do long, intense activity.
  • BMR of human much higher than SMR of alligator.

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63
  • Factors influence BMR - age, sex, size, body and
    environmental temperatures, quality and quantity
    of food, activity level, oxygen availability,
    hormonal balance, time of day.
  • How energy used varies among species.
  • Endotherms need more energy smaller animals need
    more energy.

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65
  • Human female spends large fraction of energy
    budget for BMR, relatively little for activity
    and temperature regulation.
  • Male penguin spends larger faction of energy
    expenditures for activity - must swim to catch
    food.

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