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Mosquito Control In California Is It Working

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Title: Mosquito Control In California Is It Working


1
Mosquito Control In California Is It Working?
  • Craig Downs, General Manager
  • Contra Costa Mosquito Vector Control District

2
Origins of mosquito control in California
  • From California Folklore
  • In the Gold Rush period, mosquitoes in the San
    Francisco area wore pants made from the sails of
    ships lying idle in the Bay. On the east coast,
    sailors did not mind the Jersey mosquitoes, but
    whenever they were attacked by mosquitoes wearing
    sailcloth pants, there was panic aboard, for the
    sailors recognized them as roving bands of
    mosquitoes from San Francisco.

3
Origins of mosquito control in California - 1915
  • Many historical accounts state that areas of the
    SF Bay Area were often uninhabitable
  • First mosquito abatement district was established
    in Marin Co., in 1915, to combat salt marsh
    mosquitoes, followed closely by San Mateo Co. in
    1916

4
Origins of mosquito control in California - 1917
  • Another mosquito abatement district was formed in
    Bakersfield to control endemic malaria
  • Two more districts were formed in the Northern
    Sacramento Valley Tehama Co. in 1917 and Shasta
    Co. in 1919

5
Origins of mosquito control in California - 1930
  • In the summer of 1930, a major epizootic of
    encephalomyelitis developed in horses in the San
    Joaquin Valley (WEE)
  • Another twelve districts were formed in the 20s
    and 30s

6
Legislative Intent origin 1915, revd 2002
  • HSC Section 2001 recognizes that
  • Californias climate and topography supports the
    development of human disease vectors and nuisance
    pests.
  • Some vector-borne diseases may be fatal.
  • Californias international connections increase
    the opportunity for vector and disease
    introductions.
  • WNV and the Asian Tiger Mosquito are
    specifically identified as recent introductions.

7
Legislative Intent
  • HSC Section 2001 declares that
  • Personal protection against mosquitoes is only
    partially effective.
  • Protection is best achieved by organized public
    programs.
  • Protection against vector borne diseases is an
    essential service that is vital to public health
  • Mosquito abatement and vector control districts
    have served this role starting in 1915.

8
Goal of Mosquito Control
  • To maintain populations of mosquitoes and other
    vectors at acceptable levels (thresholds)
    within a geographic area or region
  • to prevent disease transmission
  • to maintain the quality of life for the
    members of the community

9
Integrated Pest Management
IPM is an ecosystem-based strategy which focuses
on long term prevention of mosquito-borne disease
and damage through a combination of physical,
biological and chemical methods Our goal is not
to eradicate mosquitoes but to keep the
population below levels that affect public
health Pesticides are used when surveillance
indicates they are necessary, and treatments are
made with the goal of reducing mosquitoes while
minimizing risks to people, wildlife, and the
environment
10
IPM Basic components
  • Surveillance
  • Treatment thresholds
  • Control
  • Habitat manipulation
  • Water management practices
  • Biological
  • Chemical, including a pesticide resistance
    management component
  • Training and certification
  • Compliance with environmental regulations

11
Encephalitis virus Surveillance
  • Sentinel chickens tested for antibodies twice
    monthly May-October
  • Mosquito samples (500 per site) tested weekly
    July-October
  • Dead birds tested in-house and sent to DHS for
    confirmation
  • Part of statewide surveillance network
    coordinated by CDHS/VBDS

12
Larval control
  • Larval control preferred
  • Choice of method based on
  • Habitat
  • Species/life stages present
  • Population density
  • Nuisance/disease potential
  • Presence/absence of natural predators
  • Presence/absence of sensitive species
  • Water conditions

13
Larval control
  • We use a combination of methods
  • Source reduction (eliminating the water or
    restoring natural flow)
  • Biological control mosquito-eating fish
  • Pesticides
  • Biological larvicides
  • Insect growth regulator
  • Larvicidal oils
  • Monomolecular surface film
  • Organophosphate

Mosquito larvae
mosquitofish
ATV spray operation
14
How do we know treatments are effective for
larval control?
  • Visual inspection
  • Pre and post treatment larval dipping counts
  • Emergent jars (insect growth regulator only)

15
Controlling adult mosquitoes
  • When larval control is not possible or has been
    used to the fullest extent possible, adult
    mosquito control may be required to suppress
    populations
  • Once there are adult mosquitoes in an area,
    killing larvae will not reduce biting or disease
    transmission.

Truck mounted ULV application
16
Controlling adult mosquitoes
  • Adult mosquito control products may be applied
    either using ground-based equipment, fixed wing
    airplanes, or helicopters.
  • Available products include natural pyrethrins and
    synthetic pyrethroids, such as resmethrin,
    sumithrin, and permethrin and the
    organophosphates, malathion and naled.

17
Ground-based (vehicle mounted)adult mosquito
control operations
  • Where road access is adequate, such as in urban
    and suburban residential areas, good coverage may
    be achieved.
  • Applications can be done throughout the night,
    thereby targeting night-active mosquito species.
  • Applications are prone to skips and patchy
    coverage in areas where road coverage is not
    adequate or in which the habitat contains
    significant barriers to spray dispersal and
    penetration.
  • http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/resources
    /wnv-guidelines-aug-2003.pdf

18
Aircraft-based adult mosquito control operations
  • Capable of covering larger areas in shorter time
    periods than a ground-based application.
  • Less prone to patchy coverage than ground-based
    application in areas where road coverage is not
    adequate.
  • http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/resources
    /wnv-guidelines-aug-2003.pdf

19
How do we know treatments are effective for adult
control?
  • Pre- and post spray vector mosquito densities
    inside and outside control area
  • Landing counts
  • Trap counts
  • Caged mosquito
  • Weather conditions during application
    (temperature, wind speed, direction).

20
2004 California Activities
  • 53 member agencies comprise MVCAC
  • Majority incorporate adult control w/ efficacy
    component
  • Various suburban/urban areas throughout state
    sprayed (ultra low volume) without any reported
    incidents

21
Environmental compliance
  • Comply with FIFRA, CWA, and CEQA regulations
  • Report pesticide usage to County Dept. of
    Agriculture and Regional Water Resources Control
    Board
  • Subject to inspections by Agriculture Department
  • Operate under M.O.U. with California Dept. of
    Health Services which also administers
    certification and training

22
Pesticide Use for Mosquito Control Safety Record
  • No reported pesticide exposure related cases in
    CA 2003 2004.
  • pers. com. Dr. V. Kramer, Chief, Vector-Borne
    Disease Section, CA DHS.
  • Surveillance for Acute Insecticide-Related
    Illness Associated with Mosquito-Control Efforts
    Nine States, 1999-2002
  • CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,
    July 11, 2003/52(27)629-634.

23
  • The findings in this report indicate that serious
    adverse outcomes potentially related to public
    health insecticide application were uncommon.
    When administered properly in a mosquito-control
    program, insecticides pose a low risk for acute,
    temporary health effects among persons in areas
    that are being sprayed and among workers handling
    and applying insecticides.
  • Dr. Arthur L. Craigmill, Extension Toxicologist
    reports in the September 2003 issue of
    Environmental Toxicology Newsletter, Cooperative
    Extension, University of California, Davis

24
Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program
  • Administered through U.S. EPA
  • American Mosquito Control Association member
    since May 1996
  • Mosquito and Vector Control Association of CA is
    one of seven state and regional associations that
    participate through AMCA

25
Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program
  • a voluntary program that forms partnerships with
    pesticide users to reduce the health and
    environmental risks associated with pesticide use
    and implement pollution prevention strategies

26
Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program
AMCA 2004 goals
  • Public lands IPM
  • CE programs for mosquito control workers
  • Public Education programs
  • Proper surveillance for effective, targeted
    responses

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FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY
AUG SEP OCT NOV
31
Importance of WNV Dead Bird Surveillance Program
  • Dead bird surveillance was important for early
    WNV detection
  • Earliest indication of WNV activity in 91
    (53/58) of California counties in 2004
  • Dead bird surveillance system widely used by
    public / education tool
  • Dead bird reports also gave an indication of WNV
    activity

32
Importance continued
  • Only surveillance element that covered ALL 58
    counties
  • Mosquito pool and sentinel chicken testing
    limited to only those areas with established
    mosquito control programs.
  • There were 22 counties that had dead birds as the
    only evidence of WNV activity in 2004.

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In Summary
  • Mosquito control agencies have been effectively
    protecting public health for many years WNV has
    brought programs back to forefront
  • California has a comprehensive mosquito-borne
    disease surveillance program that has monitored
    mosquito abundance and mosquito-borne virus
    activity since 1969
  • Publics continued ability to work and enjoy the
    outdoors with very low incidence of disease is
    testimony of programs success

36
MVCAC 660 J Street, Suite 480 Sacramento, CA
95814 (916) 440-0826 Mvcac_at_mvcac.org www.mvcac.org
Chris Voight - Executive Director
37
How toxic are the pesticides we use?
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