Bovine Respiratory Diseases

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Bovine Respiratory Diseases
Presented by Charles L. Stoltenow, DVM,
DACVPM North Dakota State University

• the Lord God formed the man from the dust of the
  ground
• and breathed into his nostrils the breath of
  life, and the man became a living being
• 
  Genesis 27

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Charles L. Stoltenow, DVM, DACVPM
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Resources

• On-Line Merck Veterinary Manual
• Respiratory system
• Respiratory Diseases of Cattle
• www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfilehtm/bc/
  toc_121200.htm
• Large Animal Internal Medicine, 3rd edition
• Bradford P. Smith, DVM, DACVIM
• Mosby, ISBN 0-323-00946-8

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Bovine Respiratory Diseases

• What is normal?
• TPR (temperature, pulse, respiration)
• Temperature (Celsius and Farenheit)
• Adult 38-390 C 100.5-102.50 F
• Calf 39-40.50 C 101.5-103.00 F
• Pulse (beats/minute)
• Adult 60 average 40-80 range
• Calf 120 average 100-140 range
• Respiration (breaths/minute)
• Adult 24 average 12-36 range
• Calf 48 average 30-60 range

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Bovine Respiratory Disease

• What do you see?
• Nose
• Normal clean
• Sick exudate, hyperemic, cyanotic
• Eyes
• Normal clear, bright, shine
• Sick sunken, dull, can look dry
• Posture
• Normal head up, alert
• Sick head down, animal is dull, stands alone

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Bovine Respiratory Disease

• What do you observe?
• Upper respiratory system
• Sneezing
• Stertor very loud breathing (like snoring)
• Upper and lower respiratory system
• Coughing
• Tachypnea
• Dyspnea
• Cyanosis

• Hemoptysis
• Nasal discharge
• Epistaxis

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Bovine Respiratory Disease

• Immune System
• Cell Mediated Immunity
• T-lymphocytes
• Skin test
• Humoral Immunity
• B-lymphocytes (and T-lymphocytes)
• Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE)
• Blood (serum) test

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Bovine Respiratory Disease

• Humoral immunity
• Passive transfer
• Active transfer

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Bovine Respiratory Disease

• Passive Transfer
• Age of calf consuming the colostrum
• Amount of colostrum consumed
• Dams vaccination
• Dams nutrition
• Dams age
• Udder confirmation and health
• Dystocia

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Bovine Respiratory Disease

• Colostrum and Calf Health
• Inadequate (lt800 mg/dl) at 24 hours
• 3.2 to 9.5 times more likely to get ill by
  weaning
• 5.4 times more likely to die by weaning
• Morbidity during 1st 28 days of life
• Decreased weaning weight by 35 lbs.
• Rate of inadequate transfer (lt800 mg/dl)
• First-calf heifers at 21
• Mature cows at 23

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Vaccinations

• Risk Management

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Why vaccinate?

• Particularly virulent pathogens may kill animals
  or decrease production
• An infection with a large dose of a pathogen will
  overcome the animals immune system
• Some pathogens are very good at hiding from the
  immune system and are difficult to control

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Wild-type Virus
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Modified-Live Virus
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Killed Virus
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Type of Vaccine

• Modified Live
• Strong immune response
• Fewer doses required
• Interferon production
• Cell mediated immunity
• Resemble pathogenic form more closely

• Killed
• More stable in storage
• Unlikely to cause disease due to residual
  virulence or reversion of virulence

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Challenge vs. Resistance
Antibody needed for Resistance
Challenge to the Immune System
Time
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Challenge vs. Resistance
Disease
Antibody needed for Resistance
Challenge to the Immune System
Time
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Challenge vs. Resistance
Antibody needed for Resistance
Disease
Challenge to the Immune System
Time
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Challenge vs. Resistance
Antibody needed for Resistance
Disease
Challenge to the Immune System
Time
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Challenge vs. Resistance
Antibody needed for Resistance
Challenge to the Immune System
Time
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Response to One Dose of Vaccine
Antibody needed for Resistance
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Response to Two Doses of Vaccine
Insurance Policy
Antibody needed for Resistance
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Vaccine Failure

• Animal already incubating the disease
• Passive transfer interference
• Wrong vaccine for condition
• Vaccine administered incorrectly
• Vaccine temperature abused
• Vaccine outdated
• Animal can not mount appropriate response

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Animal Cannot MountResponse to Vaccine

• Pre-existing condition
• Inappropriate age of animal
• Number of doses
• Stressed condition
• Increased cortisol
• Decreased immunity
• Sub-optimal nutrition

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Administration

• Vaccines must be given only to healthy animals
• they wont work optimally if the immune system is
  not functioning properly or is taxed with another
  infection
• they may in some instances cause disease in a
  compromised host

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Viruses and Bacteria

• Etiology

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Bovine Respiratory Diseases

• BRDC
• Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex
• Etiology
• Viruses
• Cause morbidity
• Bacteria
• Cause mortality

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Bovine Respiratory Diseases

• Etiology
• Viruses
• Bovine respiratory syncitial virus
• BRSV
• Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus
• IBRV
• Parainfluenza virus
• PI3V
• Bovine viral diarrhea virus
• BVDV

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Bovine Respiratory Syncitial Virus

• Fever (104-1080 F)
• Depressed
• Off feed
• Increased respiration
• Hypersalivation (drooling)
• Nasal discharge
• Lacrimal discharge (runny eyes)
• Mortality rates are usually low

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Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis

• Herpes virus
• Fever
• Lethargic - standing/lying in the corner
• Coughing
• Nasal discharge
• Open mouth breathing
• Hyperemic muzzle (red nose)
• Modified-live vaccine can cause abortion

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Parainfluenza Type 3

• Fever
• Cough
• Nasal discharge (snotty nose)
• Ocular discharge (runny eyes)
• Increased respiration
• Very low morbidity and mortality
• Predisposes animal to subsequent infection

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Bovine Viral Diarrhea

• Immunosuppressive
• Associated with Mannheimia haemolytica
• Cause of reproductive, digestive and respiratory
  disease in cattle

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Infections With BVDV

• Transient Infection (TI)
• Most common outcome from infection
• Usually clear quickly, but can linger in a herd
• Persistent Infection (PI)
• Infection occurs in pregnant cow
• From 45-125 days of gestation
• Fetus is immuno-tolerant to the virus so the
  animal will not clear the virus

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Consequences of a PI

• Presence of PI in cattle feedyards adversely
  affects health and performance of pen-mates and
  cattle in nearby pens
• 0.3 prevalence of PI in feedlot cattle
• 2.6 of chronically ill and dead are PI
• 15.9 of BRD attributed to PI exposure
• Beef cow herds with one or more PI calves present
  before breeding had a 5 lower subsequent
  pregnancy rate.

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Virus Recap

• Four main pathogens
• BRSV
• IBR
• PI3
• BVDV
• Rarely cause morbidity
• Can not be treated with antibiotics
• Must use vaccines

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Storage and Shelf-life

• Store vaccines correctly
• avoid extreme temperatures
• keep out of direct sunlight
• storage effects the potency of the vaccine
• Check the expiration date
• even stored properly, vaccines dont last forever
• Dont clean syringes with disinfectant!!

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Bovine Respiratory Disease

• Etiology
• Bacteria
• Mannheimia haemolytica
• Pasteurella multocida
• Histophilus somni
• Mycoplasma bovis
• Acintomyces pyogenes

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Mannheimia haemolytica

• Used to be classified as Pasteurella
• Gram negative
• Bacterin available
• Classic shipping fever agent
• Nasal discharge
• Dyspnea
• Fever
• Depressed
• Toxic
• Leukotoxins
• Host immune response aids in tissue reaction

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Pasteurella multocida

• Causes disease in a variety of species
• Classic shipping fever agent
• Nasal discharge
• Dyspnea
• Fever
• Depressed
• Toxic
• Capable of causing primary pneumonia but not
  typically as severe as M. haemolytica
• Produces toxins

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Histophilus somni

• Classic shipping fever agent
• Nasal discharge
• Dyspnea
• Fever
• Depressed
• Central nervous system disease
• Abortion
• It is a primary pneumonia agent
• Often found with Mannheimia and/or Pasteurella

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Mycoplasma bovis

• No cell wall
• Colonizes cilia - impairs function
• Lung more susceptible to pneumonia agents
• Bronchial abscesses
• Inner ear infections, joint infections, abortions
  and mastitis
• Produces toxins

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Actinomyces pyogenes

• Frequently cultured
• Not a primary pneumonia agent
• Indication of an underlying disease problem
• Colonizes damaged tissue
• Abscess formation

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Diagnosis and Treatment
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Treating Disease

• Recognize sick animals
• Make the correct diagnosis
• Use the correct therapy
• Give the animals time to get well
• Get rid of the unproductive animals
• Learn from experience

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Recognizing Disease

• Appetite depression (not in the feed bunk)
• Increase in body temperature
• Generalized depression
• Stiff gait
• Cough
• Watery eyes, runny nose

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Correct Diagnosis

• Clinical observation
• Sampling of live animals
• Nasal swab
• Serology
• Necropsy of dead animals
• Veterinarian
• Producer/Herder
• Keep records
• Diagnostic laboratory

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NDSU VDL Antibiotic Resistance Patterns for
Mannheimia, 2006
n298
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Wise Words for the Future?

• As in a court of law, the worst written records
  will always supracede the best recollection.

-Dr. Charlie
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