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Title: Building Integration of CIGS ThinFilm Solar Modules


1
Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar
Modules
  • A Presentation of the FP5 Project HIPERPB
  • by Johann Springer
  • Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschu
    ng Baden-Württemberg
  • (Centre for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research)
    ZSW
  • Hessbruehlstr. 21C
  • D 70565 Stuttgart
  • Germany
  • tel. 49 711 7870 256
  • www.zsw-bw.de
  • johann.springer_at_zsw-bw.de

2
The Project
HIPERPB High Performance Photovoltaics in
Buildings ERK6-CT1999-00009 01.04.2000 to
30.09.2003
Specific aspects of building integration of the
emerging, auspicious thin-film PV-technology with
Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber (CIGS or CIS)
3
The Consortium
4
Statements and Motivation
  • Often PV is added to the buildings
  • Often PV is not part of the building
  • Often PV disturbs the appearance of the
    building
  • PV on Buildings instead of PV in Buildings
  • PV should be an integrated part of the building
  • more than one function of the PV elements
  • PV should beautify the building
  • better acceptance, higher value

1
And The differences between c-Si modules and
CIGS-thin-film modules need to be considered and
offer advantages
5
Objectives of the project
CIGS Module
Façade
Roof
Building
General
Photovoltaics
Hot spots
Design
Safety
Acceptance
Shading
Standards
Fixing
Module design
Costs
Wiring
Monument prot.
Stability
Semi-transparency
Struct. glazing
System comp.
6
Project Structure
7
Roles of the partners
8
State of the art PV in Roofs
Si-modules for roof integration Braas Schweiz
er
9
Examples of PV in Buildings
c-Si modules in a rooflight - historic building
in Bern, CH (Atlantis Solarsysteme AG)
Atlantis SUNSLATES TM roof integration of c-Si
modules (Bern, CH)
10
CIS-Solar Modules Background
  • Thin-Film Solar modules with absorber CIGS
    -Cu(In,Ga)Se2
  • Development in several institutions
  • Siemens Solar, USA, D
  • ZSW and IPE, Stuttgart
  • NREL, Denver
  • Ångström Solar Center, Uppsala
  • Matsushita, Showa-Shell, Japan
  • Pilot plants and beginning manufacturing
  • Siemens Solar, USA
  • Würth Solar, Germany
  • ISET, USA
  • Global Solar Energy, USA
  • EPV, USA
  • Japan, ...............

Cell efficiency lt19 Modules lt12
Competitors CdTe, a-Si, c-Si
Actual market share lt 1
Advantages low manufacturing costs due to
materials saving and large area processing
11
Structure of a CIGS Thin-Film Solar Module
Front Glass
Encapsulation
Hot melt
PV layers
ZnOAl
i-ZnO
CdS
Zelle n
Zelle n1
CIGS
Mo
Glass
Substrate
12
Specific Aspects of CIGS Thin-Film PV for
Building Integration
  • Homogeneous Appearance
  • Uniform black colour, pinstripe suit design
  • Preferred size (e.g. 120 cm x 60cm), but also
    wide range of other formats
  • Larger sizes made as patch-work modules
  • Glass-(EVA)-glass composite
  • Semi-transparency possible
  • Shading and hot-spot behaviour different from
    crystalline modules
  • Substrate structure allows choice of front
    glass
  • Relatively high voltages favour parallel
    interconnection

13
Building regulations and PVIB
A very critical issue, some provoking questions
  • Main problem
  • A lot of national, regional and local building
    regulations
  • Nearly no European regulations existing (one
    for structural sealant glazing systems but
    applicable for PV???)
  • PV in Buildings architectural glazing?
  • Rules for glass products valid for PV modules?
  • Question of product definitions
  • PV module laminated glass, safety glass ?
  • Impact of lamination material (EVA, PVB, ..)
  • Any type approval of solar modules for facades ?
  • If not, approval for the individual case required
    (ZiE)?
  • If not, who assumes liability if anything
    happens?
  • Urgent call for action!

PVIB, a legal grey area?
14
Fixing Technology (mech.)
  • Wall-mounting of facade elements (glass, stone,
    brick, PV, ...)
  • Transom-mullion (Pfosten-Riegel) construction
  • Bolt-hook systems (Bolzen-Agraffe)
  • Structural sealant glazing systems (SSGS)

New WBS (Welded Bond System) Glaswerke Arnold , D
  • Principle
  • A stainless-steel tape is laminated to the back
    of the glass-glass module (or other laminated
    glass)
  • Bolts, screws or other fixing elements are welded
    to the tape
  • Can be combined with all standard wall systems
  • Developed for glass, well suited for PV

Type approval pending
15
Fixing Technology - Use of existing facade
systemsMounting of frameless façade plates /
Ventilated façade
A system with agrafes, suited for WBS
A system with clips
BWM
BWM
16
Electrical Interconnection
  • Development of a junction box especially suited
    for CIGS-modules
  • low-cost
  • small-size
  • parallel or series interconnection
  • bypass diode(s) possible

Lab model
17
Hot spots and shading
Objective To avoid damage of CIS-modules in
buildings in the case of partial
shading. Approach Performance tests of
CIS-modules subject to shading Analysis of
IV-curves Prototype fabrication and verification
tests Preliminary result CIS-modules seem to
have good shading tolerance
18
IV curves of CIS module (60x120 cm²) subject to
partial shading
shaded (different sets of 3 cells)
unshaded
19
RESULTS - Roof
Atlantis SUNSLATETM with CIS-modules
Traditional SUNSLATE with c-Si cells
20
CIGS generator at ZSWs solar test field
Not a roof, but gives a visual impression of a
roof with integrated CIGS modules
21
Option for PV integration the
Rheinzink-Treppendach Quickstep
22
Result CIS Solar Tower in Heilbronn (Würth Solar)
40 kW CIGS modules
23
Further Perspectives of CIGS in Buildings
  • Large area modules
  • Semitransparent modules in warm façades and glass
    roofs
  • Integration of thermal insulation, cooling,
    heating, noise barrier (e.g. in railings of
    window façades)
  • Solar massive roof with CIS modules
  • Combination with load bearing parts (concrete
    panels, ..)
  • Combination with solar thermal
  • Flexible modules
  • 3-D modules
  • Tayloring of electrical parameters and
    geometrical shapes
  • Combination with solar cooling
  • Shading with semitransparent CIGS modules
  • Concentration

NEW FP5 PROJECTS??
24
CONCLUSION
  • CIGS thin-film solar modules are an emerging
    technology
  • CIGS modules are very suitable for building
    integration
  • Conversion efficiency is about 10
  • Standard sizes (120 cm x 60 cm) and special
    smaller sizes available
  • Larger sizes with patchwork modules possible
  • Use of standard facade elements combined with new
    mounting technology
  • Replacement of c-Si in Sunslate roof shingles
  • Combination of electrical interconnection and
    mechanical fixing in development
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