FSATIE TELECOMMUNICATION WORKSHOP

1
FSATIE TELECOMMUNICATION WORKSHOP

• Bluetooth technology survey

Presented by David Johnson Mobile platform
technology leader Icomtek CSIR
2
Contents of Bluetooth lecture

• Origins and history of Bluetooth
• What Bluetooth can do
• Building blocks of Bluetooth the bluetooth
  stack
• Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
• Bluetooth Security
• Bluetooth profiles
• Bluetooth products on the market
• Bluetooth in South Africa
• Competing technology
• The future of Bluetooth

3
Contents of Bluetooth lecture

• Origins and history of Bluetooth
• What Bluetooth can do
• Building blocks of Bluetooth the bluetooth
  stack
• Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
• Bluetooth Security
• Bluetooth profiles
• Bluetooth products on the market
• Bluetooth in South Africa
• Competing technology
• The future of Bluetooth

4
Origins of Bluetooth

• In 1994 Ericsson initiated a study to investigate
  the feasibility of a low-power low-cost radio
  interface between mobile phones and their
  accessories
• In Feb 1998, five companies Ericsson, Nokia, IBM,
  Toshiba and Intel formed a Special Interest Group
  (SIG)

• In July 1999 the first bluetooth specification
  1.0 was released
• The bluetooth consortium today is comprised of 9
  promoter companies who are leaders in telecomms,
  computing and networking and more than 2000
  adopter companies
• Bluetooth is the fastest growing technology since
  the internet or the cellular phone, incredible
  considering that its first public outing was in
  mid 1998.

5
Origins of Bluetooth
6
History of Bluetooth

• Harald I Bluetooth (Danish Harald Blåtand) was
  the King of Denmark between 940 and 985 AD who
  united Denmark and Norway

• As Harald Bluetooth united Denmark and Norway,
  Bluetooth of today will unite the many worlds of
  personal devices around us

Rune stone in Danish town, Jelling depicting
Harold Bluetooth
7
Contents of Bluetooth lecture

• Origins and history of Bluetooth
• What Bluetooth can do
• Building blocks of Bluetooth the bluetooth
  stack
• Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
• Bluetooth Security
• Bluetooth profiles
• Bluetooth products on the market
• Bluetooth in South Africa
• Competing technology
• The future of Bluetooth

8
What Bluetooth can do - definition
Bluetooth is a low-power, low-cost short range
radio system intended to replace cables between
fixed and portable devices. It is intended to
replace many propriety cables with one universal
radio link.
9
What Bluetooth can do - domains
10
What Bluetooth can do user level

• Hot spot scenario Let your laptop or PDA connect
  wireless to Internet or office while at the
  airport, hotel etc
• Automatically sync mail, calendar, notes etc.
  between your PDA and PC, as soon as you get into
  your office
• Physical access control
• Let your PC, Stereo and TV all connect without
  cables to your loudspeakers. Let the PC, phone or
  PDA control them all
• Take a picture with a digital camera, and send it
  via BT to a mobile phone, which forwards the
  picture to an email recipient via WAP
• Pay the cab driver via the phone.
• Withdrawal of money at ATMs
• Setup ad-hoc wireless network at a conference

11
What Bluetooth can do technical level

• Data links Can establish up to 7 simultaneous
  data connections between a master and its slaves
  (piconet)
• Voice links Can establish up to 3 simultaneous
  voice connections between a master its slaves
  (piconet)
• Maximum asymmetrical data rate of 723 kbps (57.6
  kbps return channel)
• Maximum Symmetrical data rate of 432.6 kbps
• Can have up to ten multiple self contained
  networks (piconets) sharing spectrum in the same
  area (scatternet)
• Range can be up to 10m for 10mw bluetooth devices
  and up to 100m for 100mw bluetooth devices
• Very low power consumption
• Ability to discover available services on another
  device

12
Contents of Bluetooth lecture

• Origins and history of Bluetooth
• What Bluetooth can do
• Building blocks of Bluetooth the bluetooth
  stack
• Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
• Bluetooth Security
• Bluetooth profiles
• Bluetooth products on the market
• Bluetooth in South Africa
• Competing technology
• The future of Bluetooth

13
Building blocks of Bluetooth the Bluetooth stack

• The Bluetooth Stack Overview
• Bluetooth Stack Radio
• Bluetooth Stack Baseband
• Bluetooth Stack Link controller
• Bluetooth Stack Link Manager
• Bluetooth Stack HCI
• Bluetooth Stack L2CAP
• Bluetooth Stack RFCOMM
• Bluetooth Stack SDP

14
The Bluetooth Stack Overview
15
The Bluetooth Stack Overview
16
Bluetooth Stack - Overview
Headset Bluetooth Stack
17
Bluetooth Stack - Overview

• Access Point Bluetooth Stack

18
Building blocks of Bluetooth the Bluetooth stack

• The Bluetooth Stack Overview
• Bluetooth Stack Radio
• Bluetooth Stack Baseband
• Bluetooth Stack Link controller
• Bluetooth Stack Link Manager
• Bluetooth Stack HCI
• Bluetooth Stack L2CAP
• Bluetooth Stack RFCOMM
• Bluetooth Stack SDP

19
Bluetooth Stack - Radio

• Bluetooth radio is a short range radio link
  capable of data and voice
• Three classes of operating range are defined (
  Class3 1mw 10cm, Class2 10mw 10m, Class1
  100mw 100m )
• Uses a radio link at 2.4Ghz (2400-2483.5MHz )
  which is the unlicensed ISM band also used by
  WLAN
• GFSK (Guassian Frequency Shift Keying) modulation
  scheme
• Uses frequency hopping spread spectrum technology
  (1600 hops/s)
• The signal hops among 79 frequencies which have a
  bandwidth of 1MHz which improves interference
  immunity
• Channel has a symbol rate of 1 Mb/s

20
Building blocks of Bluetooth the Bluetooth stack

• The Bluetooth Stack Overview
• Bluetooth Stack Radio
• Bluetooth Stack Baseband
• Bluetooth Stack Link controller
• Bluetooth Stack Link Manager
• Bluetooth Stack HCI
• Bluetooth Stack L2CAP
• Bluetooth Stack RFCOMM
• Bluetooth Stack SDP

21
Bluetooth Stack - Baseband

• Baseband is responsible for channel coding and
  decoding and low level timing control and
  management of the link within the domain of a
  single data packet transfer
• Each registered device has a unique 48-bit device
  address
• Bluetooth uses TDM where the duration of a slot
  is 625µs
• A Master and Slave transmit on alternate time
  slots with the master always initiating data
  exchange
• Larger packets can use multiple slots
• The Master and slave devices need to synchronize
  their clocks to enable reliable communication to
  take place

22
Bluetooth Stack - Baseband

• Timing diagrams for data packets

23
Bluetooth Stack - Baseband

• Bluetooth is able to form point-to-point links
  and point-to-multipoint links
• The network of bluetooth devices is defined as a
  Personal Area network (PAN)
• A Piconet is an arbitrary collection of Bluetooth
  enabled devices which are physically close enough
  to communicate
• A Scatternet is formed when there are two
  overlapping Piconets, where one of the Slaves of
  one Piconet also forms the Master/Slave of
  another Piconet
• A supervision timeout ensures that links are
  closed down when Bluetooth devices move out of
  range of the Piconet.

24
Bluetooth Stack - Baseband

• Piconets (a b) and Scatternets ( c )

25
Bluetooth Stack - Baseband
26
Bluetooth Stack - Baseband

• Two types of links are defined
• Data Links - ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Less)
• Voice Links SCO (Synchronous Connection
  Orientated)
• An ACL link is a packet switched data link which
  is established between a Master and Slave as soon
  as a connection has been established.
• ACL Data is carried in DH (Data High rate)
  packets with no FEC (Forward Error Correction) or
  DM (Data Medium rate) packets with FEC
• A SCO link provides a circuit switched link
  between a Master and Slave with reserved channel
  bandwidth.
• SCO Data is carried in HV (High Quality Voice)
  packets a number of selectable error correction
  packets

27
Bluetooth Stack - Baseband

• Packet Types

28
Building blocks of Bluetooth the Bluetooth stack

• The Bluetooth Stack Overview
• Bluetooth Stack Radio
• Bluetooth Stack Baseband
• Bluetooth Stack Link controller
• Bluetooth Stack Link Manager
• Bluetooth Stack HCI
• Bluetooth Stack L2CAP
• Bluetooth Stack RFCOMM
• Bluetooth Stack SDP

29
Bluetooth Stack Link Controller

• The Link Control Layer is a state machine which
  drives the baseband through various stages to
  establish links.
• It is responsible for managing device
  discoverability, establishing connections and
  once connected, maintaining the on-air links
• It can drive a device through the following
  stages
• Host Inquiry
• Inquiry Scan
• FHS (Frequency Hop Synchronization) packet
  response
• Paging
• Page Scan
• Connection

30
Bluetooth Stack - Link Controller

• State Diagram for Link Controller

31
Bluetooth Stack - Link Controller

• Inquiry procedure (typical time 2s)

32
Bluetooth Stack - Link Controller

• Inquiry procedure (continued)

33
Bluetooth stack Link Controller

• Bluetooth Inquiry procedure at packet level

34
Bluetooth Stack - Link Controller

• Paging Procedure (typical time 0.6s)

35
Bluetooth Stack - Link Controller

• The frequency hop sequence used in the connected
  state is calculated from the Master BD Address
  and Clock
• A connection is established once the Slave has
  received the Masters native clock and bluetooth
  address and a poll packet has been sent to
  confirm the connection is working

36
Bluetooth stack Link Controller

• Bluetooth Paging procedure at packet level

37
Bluetooth Stack - Link Controller

• Low Power connected states (Can re-establish
  connection in 2ms)
• Connection Hold Device ceases to support ACL
  traffic for a defined period of time to free up
  bandwidth for other operations such as paging or
  inquiring, maintains AM address, after hold time
  expires the device resynchronizes to the CAC and
  listens for traffic again
• Connection Sniff Device is given a predefined
  slot time and periodicity to listen for traffic,
  on reception of a packet during this time it will
  continue to listen until packets with its AM
  address stop and the timeout period ceases, it
  then waits until the next sniff period
• Connection Park Slave gives up its AM address
  and only listens for traffic at predefined beacon
  intervals between this it can enter a low power
  state. At these intervals even if there is no
  traffic it will synchronize its clock to the CAC.

38
Building blocks of Bluetooth the Bluetooth stack

• The Bluetooth Stack Overview
• Bluetooth Stack Radio
• Bluetooth Stack Baseband
• Bluetooth Stack Link controller
• Bluetooth Stack Link Manager
• Bluetooth Stack HCI
• Bluetooth Stack L2CAP
• Bluetooth Stack RFCOMM
• Bluetooth Stack SDP

39
Bluetooth Stack Link Manager

• Commands the Link Controller/Baseband
• Attaches/Detaches slaves to a piconet and
  allocates their Active Member addresses
• Configures the link which inlcudes a master-slave
  switch
• Establishes ACL (data) and SCO (voice) links
• Puts connections in low-power modes Hold, Sniff,
  Park
• Controls Power levels
• Communicates with Link Managers on other
  Bluetooth devices using the Link Management
  Protocol (LMP)
• These LMP commands are used to exchange
  information necessary for security negotiation
• Requesting a SCO connection or Master/Slave
  switch is also done through LMP commands

40
Bluetooth Stack Link Manager
41
Building blocks of Bluetooth the Bluetooth stack

• The Bluetooth Stack Overview
• Bluetooth Stack Radio
• Bluetooth Stack Baseband
• Bluetooth Stack Link controller
• Bluetooth Stack Link Manager
• Bluetooth Stack HCI
• Bluetooth Stack L2CAP
• Bluetooth Stack RFCOMM
• Bluetooth Stack SDP
• Bluetooth Stack Other Higher Layers

42
Bluetooth Stack - HCI

• The Host Controller Interface is necessary when
  there is system partitioning between the baseband
  and Link Manager on one processor and the higher
  layers such as L2CAP, SDP and RFCOMM running on a
  serperate host processor
• This can reduce the processing power needed by
  the bluetooth device and hence reduce cost
• Creates a standard interface that can be used by
  different manufactures of Bluetooth devices
• Three types of HCI packets are used
• Command packets used by host to control the
  module
• Event packets used by the module to inform the
  host
• Data packets used to pass voice and data between
  host and module
• A transport layer (USB, RS-232) is also required
  to carry HCI packets

43
Bluetooth Stack - HCI

• Position of the HCI in the Bluetooth Stack

44
Building blocks of Bluetooth the Bluetooth stack

• The Bluetooth Stack Overview
• Bluetooth Stack Radio
• Bluetooth Stack Baseband
• Bluetooth Stack Link controller
• Bluetooth Stack Link Manager
• Bluetooth Stack HCI
• Bluetooth Stack L2CAP
• Bluetooth Stack RFCOMM
• Bluetooth Stack SDP
• Bluetooth Stack Other Higher Layers

45
Bluetooth Stack Logical Link Control and
Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)

• Takes data from higher layers of the stack and
  from applications and sends it over the lower
  layers of the stack
• Achieved by multiplexing using dedicated channel
  numbers and associated (Protocol Service
  Multiplexers) PSMs
• Segmentation and reassembly to transfer packets
  larger than the lower layers support
• Quality of service management for high layer
  protocols

46
Bluetooth Stack Logical Link Control and
Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)

• Example setting up an L2CAP connection over HCI

47
Bluetooth Stack Logical Link Control and
Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)

• Segmentation and transport of L2CAP packets

48
Building blocks of Bluetooth the Bluetooth stack

• The Bluetooth Stack Overview
• Bluetooth Stack Radio
• Bluetooth Stack Baseband
• Bluetooth Stack Link controller
• Bluetooth Stack Link Manager
• Bluetooth Stack HCI
• Bluetooth Stack L2CAP
• Bluetooth Stack RFCOMM
• Bluetooth Stack SDP
• Bluetooth Stack Other Higher Layers

49
Bluetooth Stack - RFCOMM

• RFCOMM is a simple reliable transport protocol
  which can emulate the serial cable link settings
  and status of an RS-232 serial port
• It can handle multiple concurrent connections by
  relying on the multiplexing features of L2CAP
• It provides the following provisions
• Modem status RTS/CTS, DSR/DTR, DCD and RI
• Remote line status Break, Overrun, Parity
• Remote port settings Baud rate, parity, data
  bits etc.
• Parameter negotiation (frame size)
• Optional credit based flow control

50
Building blocks of Bluetooth the Bluetooth stack

• The Bluetooth Stack Overview
• Bluetooth Stack Radio
• Bluetooth Stack Baseband
• Bluetooth Stack Link controller
• Bluetooth Stack Link Manager
• Bluetooth Stack HCI
• Bluetooth Stack L2CAP
• Bluetooth Stack RFCOMM
• Bluetooth Stack SDP
• Bluetooth Stack Other Higher Layers

51
Bluetooth Stack Service Discovery Protocol

• Provides a means for an SDP client to access
  information about service offered by SDP servers
  (examples printing services, Dial-up networking,
  LAN access)
• SDP servers maintain a database of service
  records which provide information that a client
  needs to access a service (This will be the
  service name, protocols needed for this service
  and even URLs for executables and documentation)
• Services have UUIDs (Universally Unique
  Identifiers) which have been allocated for the
  standard bluetooth profiles but service providers
  can define their own using a method that
  guarantees they cannot be duplicated (there is no
  need for a central authority to allocate these)
• Fits in well with Universal Plug and Play
  architecture

52
Contents of Bluetooth lecture

• Origins and history of Bluetooth
• What Bluetooth can do
• Building blocks of Bluetooth the bluetooth
  stack
• Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
• Bluetooth Security
• Example applications Bluetooth profiles
• Bluetooth products on the market
• Bluetooth in South Africa
• Competing technology
• The future of Bluetooth

53
Bluetooth ad-hoc networking

• Ad-hoc wireless networks are defined as a network
  where each node operates not only as a host but
  also as a router
• Network is dynamically self-organizing and
  self-configuring
• Nodes in the network automatically establish and
  maintain routing among themselves as they move
  about
• There is no requirement for existing
  infrastructure such as access points or
  administration
• Bluetooth is a natural choice over 802.11 for
  ad-hoc networking due to its good performance
  under high levels of contention
• 802.11 uses a carrier sense, collion detection
  back off scheme which requires no central arbiter
  whereas bluetooth uses a master node as a
  bandwidth arbiter

54
Bluetooth ad-hoc networking

• When the underlying technology for ad-hoc
  networking is bluetooth, the technology specific
  name is scatternet formation
• A scatternet is formed when two or more bluetooth
  piconets are joined
• The bluetooth 1.1 specification does not describe
  a method for forming scatternets
• This is currently a key area of research and
  there is a dedicated working group in the
  bluetooth SIG looking at scatternet formation

55
Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
56
Bluetooth ad-hoc networking

• Example of self routing strategy - Bluetree

57
Contents of Bluetooth lecture

• Origins and history of Bluetooth
• What Bluetooth can do
• Building blocks of Bluetooth the bluetooth
  stack
• Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
• Bluetooth Security
• Example applications Bluetooth profiles
• Bluetooth products on the market
• Bluetooth in South Africa
• Competing technology
• The future of Bluetooth

58
Bluetooth Security - Overview

• Wireless signals can be easily intercepted and
  are vulnerable to spoofing and eavesdropping
• Bluetooth offers the following inherent security
  features
• Two different modes of accessibility
  (confidentiality)
• Discoverable mode Anyone can discover the
  device
• Non-discoverable, Limited discoverability,
  General discoverability
• Connectible mode Only trusted devices can
  connect to the devices
• Frequency hopping
• Limited Range
• Bluetooth offers the following specific security
  services
• Authentication to verify the devices identity
• Authorization to allow a device access to
  specific services
• Encryption to protect the link privacy

59
Bluetooth Security Security Levels

• Not all applications warrant the use of security
• Bluetooth defines three levels of security
• Mode 1 Absence of security for users accessing
  non-critical applications in public areas such as
  airports or for example exchanging business cards
• Mode2 Service level security which will enable
  or disable security depending on the particular
  application which in run. For example a hotel
  bluetooth network could have no security for
  accessing local town information but could add
  security if you wanted to access your email.
• Mode3 Link-level security where security is
  enforced at a common level for all applications
  for example if ATM transactions were done via
  bluetooth.

60
Bluetooth Security - Components

• Security is based on the SAFER security protocol
• All link-level security is based on 128-bit link
  keys
• A secret PIN number (variable from 4 to 16
  octets) which is common to the two devices
  wishing to communicate forms one of the key
  inputs into forming the initial link key.
• Authentication in Bluetooth uses a
  device-to-device challenge and response scheme to
  determine if the two devices share a common link
  key
• Encryption generates a cipher stream based on an
  encryption key which is generated from a common
  link key encryption is symmetrical

61
Contents of Bluetooth lecture

• Origins and history of Bluetooth
• What Bluetooth can do
• Building blocks of Bluetooth the bluetooth
  stack
• Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
• Bluetooth Security
• Bluetooth profiles
• Bluetooth products on the market
• Bluetooth in South Africa
• Competing technology
• The future of Bluetooth

62
Bluetooth Profiles

• The blueooth SIG has created profiles which give
  a clear description of how the bluetooth
  specification should be used for a given end-user
  function this is to ease interoperation between
  different bluetooth devices

63
Contents of Bluetooth lecture

• Origins and history of Bluetooth
• What Bluetooth can do
• Building blocks of Bluetooth the bluetooth
  stack
• Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
• Bluetooth Security
• Example applications Bluetooth profiles
• Bluetooth products on the market
• Bluetooth in South Africa
• Competing technology
• The future of Bluetooth

64
Bluetooth Products
Notebooks Printers and keyboards
Camcorders
Access points
PC and flash cards
Phones and accessories
Headsets
PDAs and accessories
USB and serial ports
65
Bluetooth Products - Bluetags

• Track Registration of the tagged item leaving a
  predefined area or range.
• Search Registration of the tagged item entering
  a predefined area or range
• Write Information can be written and stored
  directly in the BlueTag
• Read Information stored in the BlueTag can be
  accessed and read

66
Bluetooth Products Ericsson Chatpen

• Used together with patterned paper it enables
  you to store and transmit basically anything you
  write or draw
• Can store several pages of information
• The information is transmitted by the Bluetooth
  transceiver, either directly to your computer, or
  forwarded to someone via a relay device such as a
  cell phone

67
Bluetooth Products Commils Cellarion system

• Your mobile phone with Bluetooth inside becomes
  your all-in-one handset a cellular phone
  outdoorsand a cordless extension of your desk
  phone at your office
• Your Bluetooth PDA becomes an extension ofyour
  PC, continuously connected to the Internet and to
  the office LAN

68
Contents of Bluetooth lecture

• Origins and history of Bluetooth
• What Bluetooth can do
• Building blocks of Bluetooth the bluetooth
  stack
• Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
• Bluetooth Security
• Example applications Bluetooth profiles
• Bluetooth products on the market
• Bluetooth in South Africa
• Competing technology
• The future of Bluetooth

69
Bluetooth in South Africa

• Bluetooth is still in its infancy in South Africa
• Red-M have representation in South Afirca they
  specialize in bluetooth networking solutions for
  buildings (supply bluetooth access nodes and
  servers)
• Axis are represented in South Africa and also
  provide access points
• ATIO piloted bluetooth networking in a hospital
• Electrowave in Durban have produced two qualified
  bluetooth products
• Cabchat hands-free car kit
• GSM and bluetooth based road emergency SOS system

70
Bluetooth in South Africa

• Very little low level design work and RD is
  currently being carried out in bluetooth but a
  need exists

71
Bluetooth in South African

• CSIR has been carrying out research and created
  Bluetooth prototype systems for the past 2 years
• Bluetooth Serial port adapters
• Heart rate over Bluetooth system
• Assistive communication device
• Low cost fixed and mobile access point
• Non- OFS (Off The Shelf) solutions are needed for
  the Transport sector, Energy sector, Emergency
  services and Scientists
• Currently a bluetooth chip costs between 4 and
  5 when purchased in bulk
• South African markets need to create indigenous
  solutions based on the raw chipset and not only
  purchase OTS solutions from overseas suppliers

72
Bluetooth in South Africa

• Current potential markets are
• Home and industrial security
• Home automation
• Emergency services
• Motor vehicle industry
• Industrial control and automation
• Military
• Scientific instrumentation

73
Contents of Bluetooth lecture

• Origins and history of Bluetooth
• What Bluetooth can do
• Building blocks of Bluetooth the bluetooth
  stack
• Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
• Bluetooth Security
• Example applications Bluetooth profiles
• Bluetooth products on the market
• Bluetooth in South Africa
• Competing technology
• The future of Bluetooth

74
Competing Technology
75
Competing Technology
76
Contents of Bluetooth lecture

• Origins and history of Bluetooth
• What Bluetooth can do
• Building blocks of Bluetooth the bluetooth
  stack
• Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
• Bluetooth Security
• Example applications Bluetooth profiles
• Bluetooth products on the market
• Bluetooth in South Africa
• Competing technology
• The future of Bluetooth

77
The Future

• Version 1.2 draft has been released
• Backward compatible with 1.1
• Improves wifi co-existence with Adaptive
  Frequency Hopping (AFH)
• Improved connection times
• Higher quality audio link

• Current version 2.0 working group
• High rate bluetooth 10 Mb/s
• HI_FI quality non-compressed audio, video
  suitable for video conferencing
• Local positioning for indoor and built-up areas

78
The Future

• Despite the delays, Bluetooth is still projected
  to be a 5 billion market within the next five
  years (Merrill Lynch February 8, 2001).
• The majority of market forecasting for Bluetooth
  applications remain in mobile phones, headsets,
  PDAs, and PCs, accounting for over 80 of units
  by 2006.
• Bluetooth penetration rate for digital still
  cameras is expected to be 60 in 2006 and the
  same rate for digital TV is expected to hit 65
  in 2006 (Merrill Lynch, February 8, 2001).
• Cost per bluetooth chip is expected to fall to 5
  by 2003
• Based on analysts pricing estimates, this could
  translate to 18.5 billion of data access
  revenues, 2.4 billion of m-commerce, and 1.2
  billion of advertising revenues by 2005 (Goldman
  Sachs, Mobile Internet Primer, July 14, 2000
• Bluetooth remains a chicken or egg game where
  the benefits of Bluetooth only begin to reach
  their zenith as a function of manufacturers
  willingness to introduce new products and make
  Bluetooth a persistent element in the industry