Neuroscience, 4e

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Frequency Coding of Information in the Nervous
System
Weight hanging from muscle
Frequency of action potentials
Adrian and Zotterman, 1926
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Figure 1.2 Some nerve cell morphologies found in
the human nervous system (Part 1)
Diversity of Morphology
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Figure 1.2 Some nerve cell morphologies found in
the human nervous system (Part 2)
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Figure 1.3 The major light and electron
microscopical features of neurons (Part 1)
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Figure 1.6 Visualizing nerve cells and their
connections
Studying structure
Dye injection/ retinal neurons
HRP (enzyme) injection/ autonomic neuron
Golgi stain/ cortical neurons
Golgi stain/ Purkinje neurons
Cresyl violet/RNA/ cortical neurons
Nissl stain/ olfactory bulb
Nissl stain/RNA/ cortical neurons
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Figure 1.12 Use of genetic engineering to show
pathways within the nervous system
e.g. GFP, Green Fluorescent Protein
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Figure 1.7 A simple reflex circuit, the
knee-jerk response
Studying function
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Figure 1.8 Relative frequency of action
potentials in different components of the
myotatic reflex
Extracellular recordings
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Figure 1.9 Intracellularly recorded responses
underlying the myotatic reflex
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Figure 1.13 Single-unit electrophysiological
recording from cortical pyramidal neuron
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Figure 1.5 Varieties of neuroglial cells
Astrocytes/culture
Oligos/culture
PNS myelinated axons/ nodes of Ranvier
Microglia
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Figure 1.4 Distinctive arrangement of
cytoskeletal elements in neurons (Part 1)
epithelial cell
actin
actin
glial cell
tau, binds microtubules
actin
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Figure 1.4 Distinctive arrangement of
cytoskeletal elements in neurons (Part 2)
tubulin
tubulin/dendrite
actin/spine
tubulin
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Figure 1.4 Distinctive arrangement of
cytoskeletal elements in neurons (Part 3)
Neuromuscular Junctions
Axon
tubulin
AChR
Receptors
Basal lamina
Dystrophin/scaffold protein
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Axoplasmic transport
Definition movement of materials inside the
axon, both away from and toward the cell body
Rates slow/ 1mm/day orthograde (anterograde)
only fast/ 400 mm/day orthograde intermediate/
250-300 mm/day retrograde
Detection Direct visualization Arterial
cuff/ligature Radioactive tracers
Mechanisms slow requires cell body, involves
bulk flow fast, intermediate require
microtubules kinesin - orthograde
transport dynein - retrograde transport
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Figure 1
Nuclear injection of DNA encoding BDNF-GFP
10 µm
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Figure 2
Movement of BDNF in the axon of a living neuron
axon
dendrite (MAP2)
10 µm
Velocity 0.3 µm/sec 25 mm/day
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Figure 3
Transfer of BDNF-GFP from presynaptic to
postsynaptic neuron
Injected DNA presynaptically encoding BDNF-GFP
DsRed
10 µm
Note DsRed does not cross thus BDNF trans- fer
is specific
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Figure 4
Activity-dependent transfer of BDNF-GFP
(tetrodotoxin)
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