Colorado Clean Diesel Program

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Colorado Clean Diesel Program

• Lisa Silva, October 2008
• Air Pollution Control Division
• Colorado Department of Public Health
• and Environment

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Diesel Exhaust Emissions - Toxicity

• Diesel exhaust is an EPA-listed mobile source air
  toxic and probable human carcinogen
• Contains thousands of compounds, including 47
  listed air toxics, many of which are individually
  carcinogenic

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Diesel Exhaust and Childrens Health

• Developing lungs more susceptible to exposure to
  air pollutants Smaller surface area, higher
  inhalation rate markedly increased exposure.
• Child respiratory rates are more rapid than
  adults
• Early childhood 20-40 breaths/min.
• Late childhood 15-25 breaths/min.
• Adults 12-18 breaths/min.
• Exposure is thus greater per child than adult

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Gauderman Study (Lancet 2006, Vol 368)

• Children (total n 3677, ages 10-18) living in
  proximity to major road or freeway (500 meters)
  in 12 southern California communities
  (socio-economically diverse) showed substantial,
  likely permanent, lung function deficits compared
  to children living gt 1500 meters from major road
  or freeway.
• Both gasoline and diesel exhaust are comprised of
  many pollutants, including fine particulates (PM
  2.5) and numerous carcinogenic compounds.

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Diesel Exhaust on the Bus

• Diesel exhaust can aggravate or induce asthma and
  other pulmonary and cardiovascular disease
• UCLA study (2004) found elevated levels of black
  carbon, particle-bound PAH and NO2 inside school
  buses
• Crankcase emissions are an extremely strong
  source of of PM 2.5 in buses (CATF Three-City
  Study 03 -04)

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Childrens Exposure to Diesel Exhaust

• Exposures probably greatest inside school buses,
  but also at bus stops, other bus idling areas and
  in traffic (behind buses)
• Many children exposed for extended periods twice
  a day
• 20 days per month
• 9 months/year
• 10 to 12 years
• 2 x 20 x 9 x 10 3600 exposures
• 2 x 20 x 9 x 12 4320 exposures

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Retrofit Goals

• Reduce air toxics exposures to children, drivers,
  parents, teachers and general public from idling
  buses at neighborhood pickups, on school grounds,
  in traffic
• Reduce fuel usage via engine preheat technology
  (idling not necessary saves fuel, thus reducing
  toxic emissions)

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Pilot Project in Pueblo, Colorado

• Partners Pueblo community, the (Denver) Regional
  Air Quality Council, EPA Region 8, Xcel Energy,
  Better Pueblo, CU-Boulder
• 120 buses at 2 school districts, plus 10 Pueblo
  municipal buses used by school kids
• University of Colorado tested buses on their
  routes before and after retrofits.

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Cost-Effective Technologies

• Engine pre-heaters save 1 gallon per bus per
  day of operation (cost 1,000 to 2,500 each)
• Diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) remove 20 of
  PM and 50 of HC (1,000 - 2,000 each)
• Crankcase filtration (CCF) -- may reduce PM 2.5
  emissions from under hood by upwards of 95 (400
  - 700 each, plus replace filter at oil change
  50)
• Ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (ULSD) enables the
  new catalysts

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Model year buses - Pueblo

• Priority to retrofit MY 1988 2000 large route
  buses retrofitted a few newer buses
• In Pueblo many were MY 1994 to 1999

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Air Sampling in Buses

• Pre- and post-retrofit
• 3 buses run full routes 3 times each, before
  and after retrofits open/close doors each stop,
  etc. Each bus paired with a route/same pre- and
  post-retrofit
• Fitted with
• Small engine pre-heaters
• Donaldson Series 6100 DOC
• Racor 4500 crankcase filters

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Air Sampling in Buses

• PM 2.5 mass - PM 2.5 filter (Teflon) samplers,
  EPA Gravimetric method
• P-PAH, EC, OC, Hopanes PM2.5 filter (quartz
  fiber)
• Carbonyls DNPH-impregnated cartridges, EPA
  Method 11A
• Used NIOSH 5040 method for EC and OC analysis
  solvent extraction followed by GCMS detection
  (Riddle et.al., 2007) for P-PAH and Hopanes
• Particle number Continuous 2 Condensation
  Particle Counters Model 3007

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Average in-cabin pollutant reductions

• Particle numbers reduced by 30-41
• PM 2.5 mass reduced by 56
• Elemental carbon reduced by 85
• Organic carbon reduced by 41
• Formaldehyde reduced by 32
• (A few carbonyls did not decrease Acetone
  increased likely a function of catalytic
  chemistry however, more toxins and the more
  potent toxins were reduced)

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Calculated tailpipe emissions from pre- and
post-retrofitted buses (TPY)
Table 1A Annual Non-retrofitted Bus Emissions
vs. Retrofitted Emissions Reductions
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Calculated annual tailpipe emissions reductions
(TPY) pre- and post- retrofit
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Numerous Program Benefits

• Direct benefit to childrens health
• Direct benefit to community ambient air quality
• Assists school districts that would not normally
  pursue this type of project
• Reduced idling and petroleum usage (saving engine
  wear tear and cash)

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Pueblo Pilot Program

• Initial funding from Rocky Mountain Steel
  settlement funds (200K)
• Subsequent 250K from agreement with Xcel Energy

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Statewide Needs

• Estimated 5,000 school buses at 150 school
  districts may be eligible for retrofits
• CDPHE to receive 600,000 for this fiscal year
  will apply for DERA funds through 2012
• Additional SEP funding 400,000, designated
  for Garfield and Rio Blanco counties
• Exploring possibilities for sustained funding at
  the state level.

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Statewide Expansion Logistics

• Air Divisions Planning Policy and Mobile
  Sources programs partnering with EPA, CDE, school
  districts
• Funds to be allocated according to criteria of
• Air toxics/diesel emissions in area
• Environmental Justice needs
• Interest ( 15 districts have contacted us or
  EPA)
• Special SEP designation of funds
• Education, outreach to school districts and
  fleets

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Colorado needs

• Weve taken care of Pueblo SDs (120 buses)
• Contacts with
• Garfield and Rio Blanco Co. (150 buses) (SEP )
• Weld Co SDs (250 buses) (DERA )
• Huerfano/La Veta (37 buses)
• Granada (McClave SD) (20 buses)
• Limon SD (15 buses)
• Southern Colorado
• Colo. Spgs. SD 11 has 142 buses, but there are
  also, Fountain (63), Cheyenne Mountain (18),
  Manitou (16), Academy (114)..

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More buses than funding this year

• But we will get to you!
• 400K SEP funds for Garfield and Rio Blanco
• 600K funds about 140 school buses if retrofitted
  to the max (using all 3 technologies)
• ANDwe are investigating funding sources in
  addition to SEPand DERA, which we anticipate
  receiving next year and in future.

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Contact info.

• Lisa Silva
• Lisa.silva_at_state.co.us
• [phone]
• Garry Kaufman
• Garry.kaufman_at_state.co.us
• [phone]