Convergence of Biotechnology, Nanotechnology, and Information Technologies National Security Implica

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Convergence of Biotechnology, Nanotechnology, and
Information Technologies National Security
Implications
NDU 6001 March 1, 2005
Mr. Fritz Schulz Industrial College of the Armed
Forces National Defense University schulzf_at_ndu.e
du
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Outline

• What is Molecular Manufacturing?
• Dominant Trend Merging of Traditional
  Disciplines
  
• Legacy Disciplines to Analytical Tool
  Disciplines
  
• New Disciplines Areas of Application
• Characteristics Lowered barriers, cost,
  breakouts
  
• National Security Implications Offense / Defense

Backup slides
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What is Molecular Manufacturing?

• Creation of products via direct manipulation of
  atoms molecules. Boundary surface, scaling
  quantum effects dominate.
  
• Immense Investment 8.6B Worldwide
  (Businessweek)
  
• Strategic Nation-state investment (Security and
  Economics)
  
• Fundamental new capabilities, but were early in
  hype cycle
  
• Maturity equivalent to electronics in 60s /
  biotech in 70s
  
• (Foresight Foundation)
• Not a distinct sector Current products are
  shipping.
  
• New products will mostly be embedded

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Several Disciplines have evolved methods to build
with atomic precision
Molecular Chemistry
Molecular Manufacturing
Molecular Electronics
Advanced Materials
Physics - Scanning Probes
Power (Battery Fuel Cell)
Semiconductor Fabrication
Nano-Medicine
Biotechnology
Mechanical Top-Down
MEMS / Fluidics
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Convergence of Traditional Disciplines at the
Molecular Level

• Molecular Chemistry
• - Physical Chemistry Bose/Einstein Condensate
• Physics Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Scanning
  Tunneling Microscope (STM)
  
• - ab initio analysis particle collider
  physics
  
• Semiconductor Fabrication (and MEMS)
• Biotechnology Genetic Manipulation, Protein
  Design, Design Pool
  
• Molecular Assembly (after Drexler)

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Application DisciplineMolecular Electronics
Quantum Dots Puddles of electrons without
atoms.
Molecular Electronic Crossbar Switch Hewlett Pa
ckard QSR Lab
Purdue University http//news.uns.purdue.edu
Carbon Nanotubes and Buckyballs IBM Research
From Cnet news.com, Jan 31, 2005 at
http//news.com.com/2009-1006-5557958.html
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Tools at the Molecular Level
The scanning tunneling microscope (STM), and
atomic force microscope (AFM) can manipulate
individual atoms molecules to build nano-scale
structures.
From http//www.zurich.ibm.com/
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Tools at the Molecular LevelSFM Probe Production
DNA-plasmid molecule image The width of the DNA
strand is 5 to 6 nm. Z scale color adjusted to
1.5 nm.
From http//www.zurich.ibm.com/
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Tools at the Molecular Level
DNA-plasmid molecule images z scale color
adjusted to 5 nm. (a) Image with a deteriorated
tip and poor resolution. (b) The same molecule
with the second lever of a cassette and a better
tip.
(a) SU-8 cantilever cassette probe. The first
lever is protected for ease of handling. (b)
After breaking off protective blocks, a
cantilever is readied for scanning. Trenches to
facilitate the breaking off are clearly visible.
(c) Closeup of a cantilever beam with the
pyramidal photoplastic molded tip.
From http//www.zurich.ibm.com/
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Optical MEMS Examples
Top left Widely tunable micromechanical vertical
cavity lasers and detectors.
Top right Optical Switching. Scientific American
284(1) 8895 image courtesy of Lucent
Technologies Bell Labs.
Bottom right Low power un-cooled 120 160
a-Si-based micro infrared camera for unattended
ground sensor applications.
Bottom left Digital Light Processor,
Micro-mirror array. July 30, 2002
Implications of Emerging Micro- and
Nanotechnology, National Academy Press, Figure 3-6
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Traditional DisciplineSemiconductor Fabrication
Advantages Tiny, Cheaper, Less Power Added
functions chemical, bio, optical, RF, fluidics
Mirror Arrays for Video Projection
Integrated systems with on-board sensors, power
actuators, control, computing, communications.
From Texas Instruments http//www.dlp.com/
2003 Successful gun launch (6500g) of a 7.4 in3
MEM/GPS guidance system with 20 micron tuning
fork gyros and pendulum accelerometers for max
error of 5 deg/hr. 2006 Goal less than 3 in3, ma
x error of 1 deg/h and less than 1 mg, for less
than 1200/IMU
http//www.draper.com/publications/explorations/su
mmer2004.pdf
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Biotechnology at IBM Zurich
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols
and disulfides on gold form organic interfaces
with properties controlled by the end groups of
the molecules in the film.
From http//www.zurich.ibm.com/
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BiotechnologyHuman/Computer Interaction
Demo Artificial Retina An Electronic Device
Implanted in the Eye Could Restore the Sight of
Millions, MIT Technology Review, Sep 2004
Available at http//www.technologyreview/articles/
04/09/Demo0904.asp
Cochlear Implant From http//www.nidcd.nih.gov/h
ealth/hearing/coch.aspb
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Biotechnology Protein SynthesisEcosystem as
Design Library
DNA
http//www.wcsscience.com/dna/molecule2.html
Ribosome
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Biotechnology - MitochondriaEcosystem as Design
Library
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Molecular ManufacturingEric Drexlers Vision
From Frietas, Nanomedicine
Foresight Foundation
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Convergence of Biotech, Nanotech, and Information
Technology

• Common Themes and Elements
• Cross Utilization of methods, components among
  disciplines
  
• Support for Human Computer Interaction
• Technology and Infrastructure Implications
• Redefinition of System Boundaries
• Changes in System Engineering Concepts and
  Processes
  
• These have Acquisition and
• Market Implications
• Potential for Social Impacts

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National Security Implications

• Economic Effects The engine of national power
• Rapid uptake, and the potential for disruption
• Policy Investment, and picking Winners and
  Losers
  
• Relative Power National and International
  Standing
  
• The Intellectual Property Speed bump
• Enduring Values and National Goals
• The Strategic Assessment Offense / Defense

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Adoption will be (relatively) fastThe rate of
uptake is actually accelerating.
The Largest Risks are Hype, 2) Toxicity, and
Timing.
(Businessweek, 14Feb05)
Graph courtesy of Dr. Randall Shumaker, NRL
Attributed to Mr. Don Imholz, The Boeing Co.
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Backup Slides
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References
Implications of Emerging Micro- and
Nanotechnologies (2002) Air Force Science and Tec
hnology Board, National Research Council,
National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.
Available online at http//www.nap.edu/books/03090
8623X/html/
Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army
Applications (2002) Board on Army Science and Te
chnology, National Research Council, National
Academies Press, Washington, D.C.
Available online at http//www.nap.edu/books/03090
75556/html/
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References
Nanomedicine Robert A. Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine,
Volume I Basic Capabilities, Landes Bioscience,
Georgetown, TX, 1999 Available online at http//
www.nanomedicine.com/NMI.htm
Converging Technologies for Improving Human
Performance Nanotechnology, Biotechnology,
Information Technology Cognitive Science
(June 2002) National Science Foundation and
Department of Commerce, Edited by Mihail C. Roco
and William Sims Bainbridge, NSF National
Academies Press, Washington, D.C.
Available online at http//www.technology.gov/repo
rts.htm
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Material Science Influences

• Evolved from chemistry, physics communities
• Direct manipulation of atoms and molecules
• Boundary surface, scaling and quantum effects
  issue
  
• Acquisition Implications Approaching Maturity
  nanoparticple, paint, coatings, clothing
  applications are fielded
  
• Reference Implications of Emerging
  Micro-Nanotech Book

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Biological Influences

• Living systems are an existence proof for some
  claims
  
• Serves as a pool of off-the-shelf designs
• Power, Motion, Control, Sensors, etc.
• 4 Information Systems in the Human Body
• Neurosystem, Immune, Genetic, Endocrine System
• Acquisition Implications Many biological and
  medical applications
  
• but many ethical implications and potential for
  unpredictable impacts
  
• Reference Nanomedicine, Army Opportunities in
  Biotech

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IT Industry-based Influences

• We are reaching the last improvements in
  semiconductor scaling Moores Law
  
• New capabilities are rising from other
  disciplines
  
• Quantum Computing
• Photonics optical components on a chip
• DNA Computing
• The current focus is on components, and
  architectures for computing and control
  functions.
  
• Acquisition Implications Re HPs molecular
  switch, This is the final piece of the puzzle
  for building a molecular computer
  
• Phil Kuekes, Senior Architect and primary
  Inventor
  
• HPs Quantum Science Research (QSR) unit.
• But product is still 10 years away.
• Reference Molecular Electronics III

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U.S. Research Development by Sector
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Traditional DisciplineSemiconductor Fabrication
Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and
Micro-fluidics
1st application Airbag sensor, Mid 90s
Reduced size/cost from 50 to 10

• Current Applications
• Micro-nozzles for inkjet printers
• Micro-mirror arrays chips with 1K/1M moving
  mirrors for video projection communication.
  
• 3 axis inertial guidance for micro-UAVs

• New automotive applications Smart Sensors for
  fuel pressure, air flow, and tire pressure
  sensors with automatic, built-in tire pumps,
  
• collision avoidance skid detection,
• smart suspension for SUVs to reduce rollover
  risk,
  
• automatic seatbelt restraint and door locking,
• vehicle security, headlight leveling, and
  navigation

From Implications of Emerging Micro- and Nanotec
hnologies
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Traditional DisciplineSemiconductor Fabrication
Thermo-mechanical Memory
Use of an AFM tip for reading and writing of
topographical features for data storage
400 Gb/in² bit patterns that were written and
read using the same thermal probe.
8 micron cantilever array.
http//www.zurich.ibm.com/st/mems/thermomech.html
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Biotechnology at IBM Zurich
Microcontact printing (µCP) and microfluidic
networks (µFN) are powerful techniques to pattern
substrates with proteins.
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Biotechnology Immune SystemEcosystem as Design
Library