Sacred or Secular

1
Chapter 8

• Sacred or Secular?
• Rationalism Confronts the Catholic Church
• 1600 1870 A.D.

2
Church and Science

• Following examples from the Renaissance, people
  continued to question long-standing beliefs and
  traditions
• Importance of human reason
• Post Reformation Europe
• New worldview with intellectual, moral, and
  political implications
• New theories impacting understanding
• Some of these theories were initially seen as
  opposing Christian beliefs, especially concerning
  creation
• The Church placed on a collision course with
  science
• Continuing into the present age
• 17th 19th century Church
• Forced to meet the challenges posed by these new
  perspectives

3
Scientific Conflicts

• Period of transition in terms of the Church and
  its mission
• The Church forced to deal with the implications
  of new theories and ways of explaining the world
• Three main issues facing the Church during this
  period
• Reduced scholasticism
• Biblical skepticism
• Importance of Church in education
• Church / Science conflicts represented by the
  controversy surrounding Galileo

4
Galileo and the Church

• Galileo Galilei (1564 1642)
• Italian scientist famous for opposing the
  commonly accepted geocentric theory
• Belief that the sun revolves around the earth
• Extensive use of a telescope
• Argued for the adoption of a heliocentric theory
• Belief that the earth and other planets revolve
  around the sun
• Opposed geocentric Earth as the center
• Instructed not to teach his heliocentric view
• Placed under house arrest for not complying
• Became a model for future scientists and other
  intellectuals to follow

5
Reduced Scholasticism

• From the Middle Ages, Catholic theologians relied
  on scholastic philosophy to explore truth
• Scholasticism
• Deductive reasoning used by Aristotle, Aquinas
• Begin with general principles, raise questions,
  then use logic to draw conclusions
• Science
• Inductive reasoning
• Draws a generalized conclusion from particular
  examples
• Used by Galileo and others

6
Biblical Truth

• Before Galileos heliocentric theory, most people
  believed that the sun revolved around the earth
• Joshua 10 12-13
• Reflected the idea that the Bible was literally
  true in all details
• Initially caused great anxiety for Church leaders
• Analogy to a house of cards
• If one card was removed the entire structure
  could fall
• Today, Catholics believe that the Bible is
  theologically true not necessarily literally true
• Difference from some Protestant denominations

7
Catholic Education

• Before the 17th century, higher education was
  entrusted to the Church
• Usually priests and bishops were the most
  educated
• Educational theory was influenced by Catholic
  theology
• Theology influence all forms of learning
• 17th century ? present
• Education, especially scientific discovery not
  influenced by Catholic theology
• Tradition as an obstacle to new discoveries

8
New Age of Science

• Enlightenment
• Movement in Europe during which reason and
  science held a privileged position as sources of
  truth
• Responsible for shaping learning in the modern
  era
• Importance of scientific discovery and
  exploration
• Enlightenment thinkers
• Rene Descartes
• French philosopher argued that nothing should be
  accepted unquestioningly
• I think therefore, I am Cogito ergo sum
• Reason as the source of human truth
• Francis Bacon
• Nothing should be accepted solely on the basis of
  authority
• Immanuel Kant
• Courage to use your mind without the guidance of
  another. Dare to know! Have the courage to use
  your own understanding!

9
Enlightenment and Christianity

• Reason as the true religion for many
  Enlightenment thinkers
• Focus on the natural world not on an eternal
  condition
• World known through reason and experience
• Supernatural world is solely in Gods hands
• Impossible to know through human experience and
  reason
• Rationalism
• Theory that nothing is true unless founded on
  scientific proofs based solely on reason and
  sense experience
• Obviously posed issues for Christianity
• Deism
• Belief that God created the world and then left
  it to run according to natural laws
• God as neither negative or positive basically
  uninvolved image of a watchmaker

10
Deistic Ideas

• Key ideas of deistic thought
• God exists
• God created the world
• Once it was created, God left the world alone
• The world operates by definite natural laws
• Humans can discover these laws through reason
  alone
• Human reason should be used to evaluate all truth
  claims and guide all actions

11
Catholic Responses

• In the light of Rationalism and Deism, the Church
  was forced to respond
• Entrenchment of Scholasticism
• Popular Devotions
• Clear statement regarding papal authority
• Entrenchment of Scholasticism
• Catholic universities reinforced the deductive
  approach
• Memorization of theories and concepts
• Fear of straying off course

12
Catholic Responses

• Popular Devotions
• Sacred Heart of Jesus showing Gods concern and
  involvement in the world
• Warmth, care, compassion for creation
• Marian apparitions
• Devotion to Mary as a protector and guide
• Devotion to the Blessed Sacrament
• Moral and Spiritual Authority of the Pope
• Vatican I 1870 pope as infallible
• Incapable of error in defining doctrines
  involving faith or morals when speaking ex
  cathedra

13
An Age of Nation-States

• Growing of the monarch as an absolute ruler
• Head of a nation-state who claims to have
  complete authority in its governance
• Embodied the reality of unified nations
• End of the role of the empire (Holy Roman)
• Regions joining together along geographical lines
• National Identity
• People understood themselves as Germans or French
  rather than Bavarians or Normans
• Thirty Years War (1618 1648)
• Significant event in the development of
  nation-states
• Left the Holy Roman Empire politically weak
• Weakening of papal influence in politics
• Drawing of religious lines in Europe
• Lutherans ? Scandinavia, Prussia, and southern
  Germany
• Calvinists ? Switzerland, Holland, Scotland
• England ? Anglican
• Rest of Europe ? Catholic

14
National vs. Universal Church

• Catholic monarchs viewed the pope as a rival to
  authority
• Louis XIV Gallicanism
• A movement originating among the French Catholic
  clergy based on national rulers having authority
  for Church governance
• Attempt to wrestle control away from Rome
• Similar actions in Austria and Germany
• Led to a weakened papacy six popes from 1585-1605

15
Impact of the French Revolution

• Reign of Terror
• Period during the Revolution when nobility and
  clergy were executed by revolutionary leaders
• Monasteries overtaken
• French armies invaded Italy capturing the pope
  and disbanding the college of cardinals
• Results
• Local election of bishops and priests
• Separation from Rome and the rest of the Church

16
Napoleonic Concordat

• Concordat
• An agreement between the pope and a head of state
  identifying the role that each would play in
  Church governance
• Concordat with Pius VII
• Napoleon to appoint bishops Pius VII to approve
  bishops
• Validated the pope as the spiritual head of the
  Church
• Ultramontanism
• beyond the mountains
• Pope having spiritual authority in all lands
• Impact / Results
• Future popes established concordats with national
  rulers
• Less political power for popes
• Unquestioned spiritual authority

17
Post Napoleonic Europe

• Congress of Vienna
• 1814-15 redrawing the map of Europe
• Prince Metternich of Austria
• Main architect attempting to prevent a super
  nation from controlling the continent
• Opposed democracy
• Reestablishment of the Papal States
• Election of Pius IX in 1846

18
Pope Pius IX

• Elected in 1846, served until his death in 1878
• Longest papacy in history
• Enjoyed brief political power with the
  restoration of the papal states only to loose it
  during the unification of Italy
• Loss of political influence led to an increase in
  religious influence
• Considered to be 1st Modern Pope
• 1854 Dogma of the Immaculate Conception
• Belief held by Tradition formalized by Pius IX
• Mary was conceived without the stain of original
  sin
• 1869 calling Vatican I
• Papal infallibility
• The gift of the Holy Spirit to the Church whereby
  either the pope alone or the college of bishops
  acting with the pope can definitively proclaim a
  doctrine of faith or morals for the belief of the
  faithful

19
Catholic England?

• Initially, Church of England was close to
  Catholicism in belief and practice
• Key difference ? authority
• Gradually, Anglicanism became more Protestant
• Despite anti-Catholic laws of Elizabeth I,
  toleration was practiced within England
• Perception of an enlightened tolerant nation
• Safe haven for clergy escaping persecution during
  the French Revolution
• Oxford Movement
• Attempt of moving the Church of England closer to
  Catholicism
• Advocated strong, centralized authority of the
  pope in spiritual matters
• Major Figure ? John Henry Newman
• Anglican priest who converted to Roman
  Catholicism in 1845
• Influential Catholic writer and theologian

20
Irish Catholicism

• Protestant Reformation did not heavily impact
  Ireland
• Would remain heavily Catholic in line with Rome
• In part, defiance of the authority of English
  monarchs
• North Ireland settled by Scotch Presbyterians and
  English Protestants
• Orangemen
• Protestant, Northern Irish

21
A Changing World

• In addition to questions over authority and
  scientific knowledge, three movements impacted
  the Church during the Enlightenment
• Baroque
• Spiritual Life
• Missionary Activity

22
Baroque

• Baroque
• French word meaning odd
• A style of art, architecture, and spirituality
  that emphasizes feelings and sentimentality
• Catholic churches and liturgies grew in response
  to the simplified churches and liturgies of
  Reformed Protestantism
• Appeal to the senses
• Ornate buildings and liturgies

23
Varieties of Spiritual Life

• Significant impact on local levels
• Service to the Poor
• St. Vincent de Paul / St. Louise de Marillac
• 17th century saints committed to working for the
  poor
• Patron saints of charitable work and social work
• St. Vincent de Paul Society
• Charitable, parish-based organization
• Everyday Spirituality
• St. Francis de Sales
• Influential writer advocating practices of love
  and compassion
• Responsible for winning back Calvinists in Geneva
• Educating the Poor
• St. John Baptist de la Salle
• Patron saint of teachers
• Founder of the Christian Brothers
• Organization with education as primary focus
• Developed practices still used in education today

24
Catholic Missionaries

• Spain and Portugal
• Major Catholic exploring nations
• Primary goal ? trade and conquest
• Secondary goal ? bringing faith
• Dangerous enterprise
• Missionaries faced travel dangers as well as the
  threat of martyrdom
• By the 17th Century
• Catholic missionaries responsible for the faith
  throughout the entire globe

25
Chapter 9

• Mosaic of Unity and Diversity
• The Church in the Americas
• 1492 1876 A.D.

26
A Collision of Cultures

• 1492 Columbus discovers New World
• 1504 Diocese of Santo Domingo established
• Goals of the Spanish explorers
• God
• Glory
• Gold
• Issue Sometimes the goals were confused
• Conquistadores
• conquerors the Spanish soldiers who first
  came to the Americas
• 1515 1519 Conquest of Cuba and movement onto
  the mainland of North America

27
Indigenous Civilizations

• Mayan
• Southern Mexico Central America
• Aztec
• Central Mexico
• Inca
• Andean region

28
The Encounter

• Native inhabitants unprepared for European
  invasion
• Technology
• Steel v. stone
• Horses
• Gunpowder
• Disease
• Small pox, measles, flu, tetanus, and yellow fever

29
Disease

• Mexico Indigenous census
• 1519 25 million
• 1523 16.8 million
• 1580 1.9 million
• 1605 1 million
• 95 decline in less than 100 years
• Caribbean saw even worse.

30
Native American Catholicism

• Despite facing hardship, many native people
  adopted the faith of their conquerors
• St. Rose of Lima
• Daughter of Spanish settlers in Lima
• Spent her life in service of the poor
• First American declared a saint
• Our Lady of Guadalupe
• Marys apparition to St. Juan Diego in 1531
• Patroness of the Americas

31
Bartolomé de las Casas

• Dominican 1509
• Awarded an encomienda but changed his outlook
• Defender of the Indians

• 1537 Pope proclamation
• Indians are human
• 1542 New Laws of the Indies
• A Brief account of the Destruction of the Indies

32
Encomienda

• system of tributary labor established in Spanish
  America. Developed as a means of securing an
  adequate and cheap labor supply, the encomienda
  was first used over the conquered Moors of Spain.
  Transplanted to the New World, it gave the
  conquistador control over the native populations
  by requiring them to pay tribute from their
  lands, which were granted to deserving subjects
  of the Spanish crown.

33
Catholicism Moves North

• Spanish missionary efforts turned to the mainland
  of the Americas
• 1513 Ponce de Leon fountain of youth
• Beginning of a mission in Florida at St.
  Augustine
• The oldest mission in the United States
• 1542 Spanish explorers reach California
• Dozens of missions founded throughout the
  California region
• San Diego, San Francisco, Santa Clara, etc.

34
French Presence

• French explorers arrived in Canada in 1534
• Major colonizing efforts did not begin until
  1632
• Consisting mainly of French Jesuits
• Attempted to instruct the Native Americans in
  European ways
• Black Robes
• Northern Native American term given to the
  Jesuits because of their distinctive garb
• French missionaries would begin to move south
  over the course of the next century
• Jacques Marquette Louis Jolliet (pg. 223)

35
French Success?

• Compared to the success of Spanish missionaries
  in New Spain, French missionaries did not do
  too well in New France
• French less willing to colonize and settle in the
  New World
• France effected more negatively than Spain by the
  Reformation
• Thus, Catholicism does not develop and spread as
  much in the north as it did in the south
• Missionary communities few and far between
• Chicago would not develop and thrive until much
  later

36
Catholicism in the Colonies

• The 13 colonies were founded and colonized mostly
  by Protestants
• Maryland the only colony friendly to Catholics
• Catholicism was practiced by the ruling elite not
  the middle or working classes
• Act of Toleration of 1649
• Decree by the colonial government granting
  freedom of religion in Maryland
• In time, Puritans overtake the colony and ban
  Catholic worship and education
• Remained in effect until just before the
  Revolution

37
John Carroll

• Predominant figure in the history of the early
  American Church
• Born in 1735, studied and was ordained in Europe
• Returned in 1773 and became active in the
  revolutionary cause
• Became associated with Benjamin Franklin
• 1789 elected as first bishop in the United States
• Diocese covering the entire United States
• Responsible for opening two seminaries and helped
  develop Georgetown University

38
Catholic Growth

• From 1176 1815, the number of Catholics in the
  United States increased from 30,000 to 200,000
• Through the efforts of Bishop Carroll,
  Catholicism was not seen as a threat to the new
  American republic
• American Catholics began integrating themselves
  into the nation and embraced both their faith and
  national identity