Chapter 29: World War II 19331945

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Chapter 29 World War II 1933-1945

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Section 1 World Affairs, 1933-1939(pp.806-807)

• New Deal Foreign Policy
• President Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated in
  1933
• Good Neighbor pledge
• - to respect the sovereign rights of all nations
  in the Western Hemisphere
• Peaceful Intentions in Latin America
• Pan-American Conference at Montevideo (Uruguay)
• - The US agreed to the resolution that no state
  has the right to intervene in the
  internal affairs of another
• Roosevelt recalls troops from Haiti and Nicaragua
• Peaceful diplomatic negotiations made with Cuba
  and Mexico

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Section 1 World Affairs, 1933-1939(p. 807)

• Domestic Recovery Determines Foreign Decisions
• Roosevelts New Deal economic isolation
• - US not interested in cooperating with Europe
  and concentrated on internal agricultural and
  industrial production problems
• 1933 London Conference
• - 60 European nation met to discuss
  international depression
• - Roosevelt refuses to cooperate in fear that
  American farm prices would inflate
• Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934
• - initiated by Secretary of State Cordell Hull
• - allowed State Department to make treaties with
  other countries to mutually lower import duties

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Section 1 World Affairs, 1933-1939(pp. 807-808)

• III. Recognition of the Soviet Union
• The United States recognized the government of
  the Soviet Union after years of refusing to
  recognize their communist regime
• Soviet Unions communist influence diminished due
  to internal economic hardships
• Japan, the USSRs rival, also threatened Soviet
  power
• Roosevelt took advantage of the Soviets need for
  food and industrial equipment and therefore
  opened markets for American farmers and
  manufacturers
• Although relations between the Soviet Union and
  the United States improved, trade was not
  significantly improved and Japanese militarism
  continued to grow

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Section 1 World Affairs, 1933-1939(p. 808)

• Aggression and Appeasement
• Global affairs and events caused for alarm and
  American isolation quickly came to an end
• I. Japanese Expansion in the Pacific
• Japanese pursued policy of expansion due to
  population growth and a need for larger markets
  for its products
• September 1931 Japan ignored orders from United
  Nations to return Manchuria

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Section 1 World Affairs, 1933-1939(pp. 808-809)

• II. Threats from Germany and Italy
• March 5, 1933 Adolf Hitler and his National
  Socialist (Nazi) party was voted leader and
  dictator of Germany with plans to control central
  and eastern Europe
• Dictator Benito Mussolini had similar plans to
  control the Mediterranean and to expand an
  Italian empire in parts of Africa
• Fascism a form of government that seeks power
  for their nation
• Totalitarianism total control of a nation and
  the people of that nation
• - both Hitler and Mussolini adopted fascism and
  totalitarianism as their ruling doctrine
• Both countries blamed their national problems on
  undesirables after WWI
• - Mussolini blamed the communists for causing
  strikes and social unrest
• - Hitler blamed the Jews for Germanys economic
  problems

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Section 1 World Affairs, 1933-1939

• Did you know
• My grandmother grew up during the time of
  Mussolinis dictatorship. Although he was
  despised by the vast majority of Italian people,
  poor families (like my Nonnas) depended on
  Mussolini to survive. She said that it was a
  very bittersweet relationship to rely on the aid
  from a man who imposed so much fear on innocent
  civilians.

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Section 1 World Affairs, 1933-1939(pp. 809-810)

• III. Bargaining for Peace
• Appeasement response of Great Britain and
  France a policy that gave aggressor nations what
  they wanted in order to avoid war
• Americans wanted peace and did not want to go to
  war
• Pacifism Oxford University students refused to
  go to war on any account
• Munich Conference (Sept. 1938) British and
  French leaders allow Germany to annex part of
  Czechoslovakia in return for Hitlers promise not
  to make any more territorial demands

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Section 1 World Affairs, 1933-1939(p. 810)

• IV. Neutrality
• The United States was determined to avoid war,
  especially after the economic devastation from
  the First World War
• Neutrality Acts (1935-1937) laws passed by
  Congress that barred the transportation of or
  sale of arms to nations at war, and banned loans
  to nations at war outside the Western Hemisphere
• Roosevelt feared that American involvement in war
  was inevitable and therefore warned Americans
  that war was contagious

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Section 2 Moving Closer to War(p. 811)

• Europe at War
• March, 1939 Hitler disobeyed agreement made at
  Munich Conference and annexed the rest of
  Czechoslovakia, as well as demanded for territory
  in Poland
• Britain and France asked the Soviet Union to join
  their alliance in order to defend Poland and
  contain Germany
• Joseph Stalin signed nonaggression pact with
  Germany

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Section 2 Moving Closer to War(p. 812)

• I. Outbreak of War
• September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland
• Blitzkrieg lightening warfare (term coined
  after Hitlers brutal attack on Poland)
• September 3, 1939 Britain and France declare war
  on Germany
• American Congress lifted Neutrality Acts and
  allowed Britain and France to buy weapons
• II. Near Disaster at Dunkirk
• May 1940 German forces defeated Allied Army and
  drove it out to sea at the French town of Dunkirk
  on Belgium border
• 300,000 British and French troops came to their
  rescue

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Section 2 Moving Closer to War(pp.812-813)

• III. Battle of Britain
• June 1940 Italy invaded France and declared war
  on Great Britain
• Roosevelt promised to extend aid to the
  democracies
• June 22 France surrendered
• Germany attacked a vulnerable Great Britain
• blood, toil, tears, and sweat Winston
  Churchill pledged to defend his nation at all
  costs

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Section 2 Moving Closer to War(pp.813-815)

• America Abandons Neutrality
• Roosevelt disregarded isolationist sentiments and
  gave Churchill a loan of 50 destroyers to protect
  shipping from German submarines
• I. America Realizes its Peril
• Americans feared an invasion from Hitler and
  Mussolini
• Selective Service Act (Sept. 1940) first
  peacetime draft that added 800,000 men to the
  armed forces
• II. Roosevelts Leadership Endorsed
• Presidential election of 1940 Isolationists
  versus Internationalists
• Roosevelt re-elected and promised to keep America
  out of the war
• III. Aid to a Desperate Britain
• Lend-lease US would lend goods to Great Britain
  and the British could pay it back after the war

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Section 2 Moving Closer to War(pp.815-816)

• IV. Battle for the Atlantic
• The United States had to make sure that
  lend-lease supplies reached their destinations
  before German U-boats sank them
• Roosevelt ordered the US Navy to protect merchant
  shipping
• October 1941 German boat sank an American
  destroyer and killed more than 90 members of its
  crew
• Neutrality Acts revised, which allowed merchant
  ships to carry arms
• V. Germany Turns for an Ally
• June 1941 Hitler attacked Russia for wheat and
  oils supplies
• As a result, Stalin signed an alliance with Great
  Britain and the United States
• Isolationism faded in support for Roosevelt

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Section 2 Moving Closer to War(p.816)

• Aggression in the Pacific
• European colonies in Southeast Asia
• US was the only remaining obstacle Japanese had
  moved into China and to Japanese ambitions in the
  Pacific
• I. Embargo
• September 1940 Japan allied
• with Axis Powers (Germany and
  Italy)
• US cut off exports of scrap metal to Japan
• and other products with possible
  military use
• July 1941 Japan refused to abandon their
• policy of conquest and the US
  stopped all
• trade with them and ordered
  American forces
• in the Pacific to prepare for war

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Section 2 Moving Closer to War(p.816)

• II. Appeal for Peace
• October 18, 1941 Japanese Prime Minister Konoye
  resigned because he did not believe that he
  could defeat the United States
• Konoye was replaced by General Hideki Tojo who
  favored war to eliminate American and British
  influence in Asia
• Negotiations opened in Washington, D.C. in
  November of 1941
• III. The Talks Stall
• December 6, 1941 President Roosevelt appealed
  for peace to Emperor Hirohito
• However, Japan had already sent out fleet to sea
  that headed for the USs main naval base in the
  Pacific Pearl Harbor

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Section 3 The United States at War(pp.817-819)

• The World at War
• December 7, 1941 Japan attacked Pearl Harbor
• Japanese Victories in the Pacific
• For 6 months, Japan captured American bases and
  conquered British colonies throughout the Pacific
• American forces in the Philippines surrendered to
  the Japanese
• German Success in Europe
• By 1942, German forces occupied nearly all of
  Europe, parts of Northern Africa (eg, the Suez
  Canal), and they had pushed deep into the Soviet
  Union
• Turning Point of the War
• September 1942 Soviets Red Army battled German
  troops at Stalingrad
• November 1942 German army was defeated due to
  freezing winter conditions

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Section 3 The United States at War(p.820)

• IV. German Weak Point Exposed
• German campaign in North Africa came to an end
  after American and British forces pushed German
  troops into Tunisia
• August 1943 the Italian mainland was invaded and
  its government surrendered after Mussolinis
  defeat in Sicily
• Allied forces faced fierce German resisted, who
  continued to control northern Italy

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Section 3 The United States at War(pp.820-821)

• Victory in Europe
• American and British forces prepared to defeat
  Hitlers armies
• I. Normandy Invasion
• June 6, 1944 176,000 Allied troops landed along
  a 60-mile stretch of coastline in France
  D-Day invasion
• General Dwight D. Eisenhower led American forces
  and General George Patton led British forces into
  the western border of Germany (Aug.1944)
• II. Rapid Soviet Advance from the East
• At the same time, the Soviets closed in from the
  east
• By the end of 1944, most of eastern Europe was in
  Soviet hands

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Section 3 The United States at War(p.821)

• III. Germany Surrenders
• December 1944 Battle of the Bulge last German
  offensive to attack Belgium
• Allied forces crushed Hitlers armies from the
  west as Soviet forces pushed from the east
• April 1945 Hitler committed suicide
• May 7, 1945 German leaders agreed to an official
  surrender
• President Roosevelt died before he could see
  Germany surrender
• IV. Crimes Against Humanity
• When Allied armies entered Germany, they
  discovered the horrific truth about the Holocaust
• As early as 1942, the US government had received
  reports that Hitler had ordered the extermination
  of Jews, but Roosevelt did not respond until 1944
• By the time Allied troops reached the death
  camps, 12 million people had perished 6 million
  were Jews

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Section 3 The United States at War
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Section 3 The United States at War(pp.822-823)

• War in the Pacific
• Battle of Midway first major defeat of the
  Japanese navy that ended their superiority in the
  Pacific
• Island hopping to cut Japanses supply lines
  by capturing key islands and to use them as bases
  to attack other Japanese occupancies
• I. Guadalcanal
• American marines landed on Guadalcanal in August
  1942 in the Solomon Islands where they fought the
  Japanese for 6 months
• Japans resistance came to an end in 1943
• October 1944 American General Douglas MacArthur
  led Allied forces in the Philippines

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Section 3 The United States at War(p.823)

• II. Iwo Jima and Okinawa
• 1945 the last of Japans islands outposts fell
  with the taking of Iwo Jima and Okinawa
• Because Germany was defeated, the Soviet Union
  agreed to declare war on Japan and confronted
  Japanese forces in Manchuria
• Japan rejected calls for unconditional surrender
• III. Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Early in the war, American scientists had
  secretly been developing an atomic bomb
• August 6, 1945 after Japan rejected a final
  warning from Truman (who became president after
  Roosevelts death), an atomic bomb was dropped on
  Hiroshima and destroyed 60 of the city
• A second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki after Japan
  still refused to surrender
• September 2, 1945 Japans final surrender took
  place on the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay

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Section 3 The United States at War
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Section 3 The United States at War(pp.824-825)

• Wartime Diplomacy
• Atlantic Charter on January 1, 1942,
  representatives of the 26 countries at war with
  the Axis Powers agreed to support this charter
  that promised full economic and military support
• Roosevelt and Churchill were the predominant
  leaders
• Cooperation with the Soviet Union proved to be
  the most difficult challenge, but the alliance
  between the United States, Great Britain and the
  Soviet Union lasted until the end of the war
• I. Planning for War and Peace
• Plans for war and peace were worked out in a
  series of international conferences
• - January 1943 Casablanca, Morocco
• - November 1943 Cairo, egypt
• -November 1943 Tehran, Iran (D-Day invasion was
  planned here)

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Section 3 The United States at War(pp.824-825)

• II. Yalta Conference
• February 1945 Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin
  met for the last time where they agreed that the
  United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union,
  and France should occupy Germany after the war
• Soviet Union was promised Japanese territories
  and in return Stalin agreed to support the
  Nationalist government instead of the Communists
• III. Roosevelts Death
• 2 months after the Yalta Conference, President
  Roosevelt died (Apr.12, 1945) and left the
  American people shocked and deeply saddened
• IV. The United Nations
• 2 weeks after Roosevelts death, 50 nations met
  at San Francisco to make plans for a new world
  organization
• Produced a charter for the United Nations (UN)
  that pledged faith in fundamental human rights,
  to justice and respect from all countries that
  had signed
• US was the first nation to join the UN

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Section 4 War on the Home Front (pp.827-828)

• The Production Battle
• After a Senate investigation revealed corruption
  and mismanagement of private companies involved
  in war production, Roosevelt gave a War
  Production Board regulatory power (1942) headed
  by Donald Nelson
• I. Rapid Conversion to War Production
• By the end of 1942, nearly 33 of American
  production went to war materials (50 by 1944)
• May 1941 Office of Scientific Research and
  Development established to mobilize science and
  technology for the war effort
• II. Financing the War
• Increases taxes and war bonds were initiated to
  raise funds for the war
• The war increased employment, wages, and consumer
  goods
• Office of Price Administration (1942) set price
  ceilings on consumer products and rationed goods
  that were in short supply in order to combat
  inflation

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Section 4 War on the Home Front (pp.828-829)

• Financing the war continued
• National War Labor Board established to settle
  labor disputes by mediation
• 1947 act passed that outlawed strikes against
  war industries

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Section 4 War on the Home Front (pp.828-830)

• The War and Social Change
• As men joined the army, more women that ever
  entered the work force
• I. Women Assume Nontraditional Roles
• Women were encouraged to join the work force
• Rosie the Riveter national symbol of the
  vital contribution women made to the war effort
• Women filled nontraditional roles (worked on
  production lines, steel mills and other jobs that
  required manual labor, as well as truck and bus
  drivers)
• However, women still encountered resistance from
  male workers

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Section 4 War on the Home Front
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Section 4 War on the Home Front (pp.830-831)

• II. Opportunities for African Americans
• The need for workers also spread the shift of
  African Americans from farming to manufacturing
• Many African Americans left the South and headed
  North to find jobs in factories
• III. Resentment Toward Social Change
• Because many Americans moved to fill jobs in war
  industries, this caused housing shortages,
  crowded schools, and social tension rose
• Prejudice and resentment against newcomers
  prevailed
• Fair Employment Practices Commission established
  to protect minority hiring in government offices
  and in companies that had war contracts
• - opposed discrimination but did not reject
  segregation

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Section 4 War on the Home Front (pp.831-832)

• IV. Detention of Japanese Americans
• February 1942 US government moved 110,000
  Japanese Americans to detention centers (most of
  whom had been born in the United States)
• Japanese Americans had to leave behind or sell
  their possessions
• In detention centers, they were forced to work
  low-paying jobs and lived in very poor conditions
  
• Detainees appealed to the courts for their
  rights, but the justices upheld the governments
  policy for national security