ESL Scope and Scales Module 6

1
ESL Scope and Scales Professional Development
Module 6 Increasing complexity across the Scales
DECS Language Multicultural Education Portfolio
2
Context and Language
Sociocultural Context Genre
Situational Context
3


Field
Field continuum

• everyday fields...specialised
  fields...highly technical fields

4


Tenor
Tenor continuum

• equal status ... great difference
  in status
• familiar ........very
  distant
• great deal of emotional expression.little
  emotional expression

5


Mode
Mode continuum

• most spoken...... most written

6
Context and Language
Language
Sociocultural Context
Genre
Genre
Tenor
Tenor
Mode
Field
Mode
Field
7
Language
Text in Context

Sociocultural Context Genre

• broader strand

• more specific strand

• range of contexts

• resources in the English language

Situational Context Field

• range of texts

• non-verbal elements

• academic and social environment where Standard
  Australian English is used.

Tenor

• expresses the Text in Context strand.

• language strategies

• language strategies

Mode
8
Language
Text in Context

• range of genres
• purposes
• structure

• range of genres
• specific purposes
• structure
• cohesion

• language choices -
• structure texts
• cohesive

Sociocultural Context Genre

• word groups and phrases
• the verbs
• participants
• circumstances

• the what, or content
• its informational elements
• range from everyday to technical vocabulary

Situational Context Field

• the language choices
• who questions or commands
• how degrees of certainty expressed.

• the who
• interpersonal elements
• deal with formality, familiarity and attitude

Tenor

• the language choices -organise texts
• focus foregrounding

• the how
• its textual elements
• deal with the range of spoken, written and
  multimodal texts

Mode
9
Genre Text in Context
Range of genres

story
narrative, personal recount, observation,
description
factual
information report, practical report,
explanation, argument, discussion, procedure
response
personal response, review, interpretation,
critical response
macro-genres
texts with one or more genres
multi-modal texts
multiple mediums of communication
10
Genre Text in Context
Scales genres

• Scale 4 a limited range of texts
• Jointly constructs very basic procedures, reports
  and descriptions based on texts found in
  advertising, and on packaging.
• Scale 6 a small range of contexts, constructing
  brief texts
• Jointly constructs short oral and written texts
  and begins to independently construct very brief
  examples of the elementary genres, such as
  recounts, narratives, procedures, arguments.

11
Genre Text in Context
Scales text type

• Scale 8 wide range of social situations and
  narrow range of educational genres
• Constructs oral and written recounts, short oral
  and written narratives, summaries and arguments.
• Scale 10 wide range of social situations and a
  range of factual and literary genres
• Constructs longer increasingly complex examples
  of factual genres, longer arguments and
  biographical recounts, writes explanations,
  constructs multi-modal texts.

12
Genre Text in Context
Purpose and structure of genres

• Recount
• purpose to record chronologically a series of
  past personal events in order to entertain, and
  to form and build on relationships
• structure orientation, sequence of events,
  re-orientation

Argument purpose to present arguments on an
issue in order to persuade the
audience to agree or take some action. structure
introduction, series of arguments, conclusion
13
Genre Text in Context

• Scales purpose and structure

Scale 4 Demonstrates for several basic genres,
the understanding that they have different
purposes Scale 6 Begins to reflect on the
purposes, the appropriate structure and common
features of a small range of elementary genres.
14
Genre Text in Context

• Scales purpose and structure

Scale 8 Reflects, with support, on the purposes,
the appropriate structure and common features of
elementary genres Scale 10 Demonstrates an
understanding of the link between the purposes of
a range of factual genres, their structure and
major language features Scale 12 Reflects with
some confidence on the purpose, structure and
major language features of a wide range of genres
including more complex examples of taxonomic
reports
15
Genre Text in Context

Structure of a taxonomic report Classification/
definition
seed

• A is the small body produced by
  plants from which a new plant seed grows. It
  consists of an embryo, endosperm and testa.
• The is the part of the seed that
  grows into a new plant. It has three main parts
  the seed leaves or cotyledons, which are the
  beginning of leaves the plumule, which becomes
  the main stem and the radicle, which becomes the
  root. Plants whose seeds have only one cotyledon
  are called monocots, and the plants whose seeds
  have two cotyledons are called dicots.
• The contains a supply of
  stored food for the embryo. In dicot seeds, the
  cotyledons also do this.
• The or seed coat, is the outer layer
  of the seed. It is usually thick and hard so that
  it protects the embryo and prevents the seed from
  dying out. On the testa there is scar, called the
  hilum, where the seed was attached to the ovary.

embryo
Definition / description 1
Definition / description 2
endosperm
Definition / description 3
testa,
16
Language
Text in Context

• language choices -
• structure texts
• expand sentences
• build cohesion

• language choices -
• structure texts
• build cohesion
• expand sentences

• the range of genres
• purposes
• structure

Sociocultural Context Genre

• word groups and phrases
• the verbs
• participants
• circumstances

• the what, or content
• its informational elements
• range from everyday to technical vocabulary

Situational Context Field

• the language choices
• who questions or commands
• how degrees of certainty expressed.

• the who
• interpersonal elements
• deal with formality, familiarity and attitude

Tenor

• the language choices -organise texts
• focus foregrounding

• the how
• its textual elements
• deal with the range of spoken, written and
  multimodal texts

Mode
17
Genre Language
Structure
verbs, conjunctions, phrases, noun groups,
abstractions, dependent clauses, rhetorical
questions
verbs -Take, Put conjunctions - Firstly,
Then phrase - Because of the rain, noun group -
One argument, Another reason, The day after we
arrived The main factor that
needs to be considered, abstract noun group
(nominalisation) - Pollution rhetorical question
- What can be done?
18
Genre Language

• Structure

• procedure verbs -Take, Put
• recount conjunctions - Firstly, Then
• phrase - Because of the
  rain
• noun group - The day after
  we arrived
• argument conjunction - Firstly,
• noun group - One argument,
  Another reason,
• The
  main factor that needs to be considered
• rhetorical question - What
  can be done?
• report abstract noun group
  (nominalisation) - Pollution

19
Genre Language
Scales structure

• Scale 4
• identifying most prominent discriminating
  features of the basic genre
• - action verbs at the front of sentences in
  procedures
• - topic at the front of sentences in a report

• Scale 6
• identifies a small range and uses a limited range
  of significant language features that organise a
  text
• - foregrounds phrases of time and place in
  recounts and narratives
• - uses subheadings in a report
• - uses conjunctions that organise texts First,
  Then

20
Genre Language
Scales structure

• Scale 8
• - phrases of time and place in recounts
• - subheadings in a report
• - a new line to mark a change of speaker in a
  dialogue
• - simple conjunctions of time to connect actions
  in spoken procedures First, Then, After that

Scale 12 - a range of phrases and dependent
clauses foregrounded in a range of
genres - wider range of alternatives to
conjunctions to organise formal oral and
written texts The main factor instead of
Firstly - rhetorical questions in an argument
And what is the main factor in global warning?
21
Genre Language
Expansion

• linking conjunctions and, but, so
• The man went home and the woman went to the shop.
  

binding conjunctions however, because The woman
went to the shop because she needed supplies.
relative clauses with which, who, that The
Suez Canal, which was completed in 1869, was
designed by..
projection that Scientists believe that the
ozone layer.
non-finite clauses Scientists, believing that the
hole in the ozone layer is increasing, have
recommended
22
Genre Language
Scales expansion

• Scale 4
• linking conjunctions and, but
• Scale 6
• linking conjunctions then, but, or, so, and
• binding conjunctions because, when, before,
  after
• Scale 8
• binding conjunctions because, if, since, when
• begins to use relative pronouns Zagreb, which
  is the capital of Croatia, is near ..

23
Genre Language
Scales expansion

• Scale 10
• wider range of binding conjunctions whenever,
  if, since
• relative pronouns with greater accuracy Zagreb,
  which is the capital of Croatia, has a population
  over half a million.
• Scale 12
• range of binding conjunctions confidently and
  accurately whenever, if, though
• relative clauses confidently and accurately
  Without enough memory, the computer can crash,
  which is always frustrating

24
Genre Language
Cohesion

• reference items
• pronouns I, he, she, they, my, her
• definite article the
• My dog, a 20-month old red kelpie bitch that
  answers to Jac, snapped her lead on Monday when
  startled by a truck. The dog headed west across
  The Australian 29/05/02 p.13

textual reference items But there are two fatal
flaws it would drive the budget into deficit and
it would help the rich more than the poor. These
assertions are The Australian 29/05/02 p.15
25
Genre Language
Cohesion
conjunctions Later, However, Therefore I agree
with the concept. However I do not agree that

• sets of words
• repetition
• synonyms and antonyms
• composition seed, seed coat, kernel
• classification food - meat, fruit, vegetables

collocation The residents have made a complaint.
26
Genre Language
Scales cohesion

• Scale 4
• - possessive pronouns my, your, his, her
• - third person pronouns it, he, she, him, her
• - demonstrative pronouns here, there
• Scale 6
• - uses reference items in short written texts We
  mixed some flour and water. Then we added some
  salt to the mixture.

27
Genre Language
Scales cohesion

• Scale 10
• -uses a wider range of conjunctions to join
  sentences or paragraphs Therefore , However, As
  a result
• -uses reference items that can refer to large
  segments of text These patterns are also
• -chooses a wider range of vocabulary patterns
• small sets of synonyms and antonyms
• composition (whole - part) digestive system
  mouth, liver, stomach
• classification (eg kinds of whales) baleen
  whales, toothed whales, humpback whales

28
Genre Language

• A seed is the small body produced by plants from
  which a new plant seed grows. It consists of an
  embryo, endosperm and testa.
• The embryo is the part of the seed that grows
  into a new plant. It has three main parts the
  seed leaves or cotyledons, which are the
  beginning of leaves the plumule, which becomes
  the main stem and the radicle, which becomes the
  root. Plants whose seeds have only one cotyledon
  are called monocots, and the plants whose seeds
  have two cotyledons are called dicots.
• The endosperm contains a supply of stored food
  for the embryo. In dicot seeds, the cotyledons
  also do this.
• The testa, or seed coat, is the outer layer of
  the seed. It is usually thick and hard so that it
  protects the embryo and prevents the seed from
  dying out. On the testa there is scar, called the
  hilum, where the seed was attached to the ovary.

29

Language
Text in Context

• language choices -
• structure texts
• cohesive

• the range of genres
• specific purposes
• structure and cohesion

Sociocultural Context Genre

• informational element
• everyday to highly technical

• word groups and phrases
• the verbs
• participants
• circumstances

Situational Context Field

• language choices -
• structure texts
• expand sentences
• build cohesion

• the language choices
• who questions or commands
• how degrees of certainty expressed.

• the who
• interpersonal elements
• deal with formality, familiarity and attitude

Tenor

• the language choices -organise texts
• focus foregrounding

• the how
• its textual elements
• deal with the range of spoken, written and
  multimodal texts

Mode
30


Field Text in Context
Field continuum

• everyday fields......specialised
  fields.....highly technical fields
• playing a game.... games in other .... the
  importance of countries
  games to society
• growing flowersthe parts of a flower...
  how they reproduce and grow

31
Field Text in Context
Scales technicality

• Scale 4 isolated examples of technical
  vocabulary
• understanding of technical vocabulary
  constructing a very narrow range of educational
  topics, such as science equipment, physical
  geography

Scale 6 a narrow range of technical vocabulary
begins to use a limited range of technical
vocabulary constructing a small range of
educational fields, such as physical geography
and civics
32
Field Text in Context
Scales technicality

• Scale 8 tentative control of a small range of
  technical fields
• a tentative control of vocabulary beyond
  immediate personal and school experiences

Scale 10 greater control of technical fields a
wider range of vocabulary when required to
maintain a consistent level of technicality but
still expressed clumsily at times
33
Field Text in Context

• A seed is the small body produced by plants from
  which a new plant seed grows. It consists of an
  embryo, endosperm and testa.
• The embryo is the part of the seed that grows
  into a new plant. It has three main parts the
  seed leaves or cotyledons, which are the
  beginning of leaves the plumule, which becomes
  the main stem and the radicle, which becomes the
  root. Plants whose seeds have only one cotyledon
  are called monocots, and the plants whose seeds
  have two cotyledons are called dicots.
• The endosperm contains a supply of stored food
  for the embryo. In docot seeds, the cotyledons
  also do this.
• The testa, or seed coat, is the outer layer of
  the seed. It is usually thick and hard so that it
  protects the embryo and prevents the seed from
  dying out. On the testa there is scar, called the
  hilum, where the seed was attached to the ovary.

Text in Context- beyond personal and school
experience technical field

34

Language
Text in Context

• language choices -
• structure texts
• cohesive

• the range of genres
• specific purposes
• structure and cohesion

Sociocultural Context Genre

• verbs
• noun groups
• nominalisations
• circumstances
• topic specific vocabulary

• informational element
• everyday to technical vocabulary

Situational Context Field

• the verbs
• participants
• circumstances

• the language choices
• who questions or commands
• how degrees of certainty expressed.

• the who
• interpersonal elements
• deal with formality, familiarity and attitude

Tenor

• the language choices -organise texts
• focus foregrounding

• the how
• its textual elements
• deal with the range of spoken, written and
  multimodal texts

Mode
35
Field Language
Verbs

• action - relate actions, happenings and behaviour
  eg read, grow, laugh
• mental - indicate thoughts and perceptions eg
  think, believe, need
• verbal - indicate the spoken words eg ask,
  tell, shout
• relational - indicate
• attributes She has blonde hair. He became angry.
  
• possession She has 3 books.
• identity He is Australian. He became an
  Australian.
• existence There are many people. It is clear.

36
Field Language
Scales verbs
Scale 6 small range of vocabulary expressing -
actions rode - feelings and attitudes I think
Scale 8 verbs expressing mental processes know,
believe

• Scale 10
• verbs expressing action processes strolled,
  strode, limped

Scale 12 verbs expressing action processes
peered, scanned, scoured
37
Field Language
Noun groups
the man the old man the tall old man with the
hat the tall old man who was walking down the
street
a table two tables most of the table a
glass-topped kitchen table placed in the room
38
Field Language
Noun groups

• number two tables
  most of the table
• describers the tall old man a
  glass-topped table
• classifier a glass-topped kitchen table
• qualifier - prepositional phrase the tall
  old man with the hat
• qualifier dependent clause
• the man who was walking down the street
• a table placed in the room

39
Field Language
Scales noun groups

• Scale 4
• numbers eight, four or five, ten percent
• describers pretty, very pretty, good-looking
• classifiers gas, electric, oil heater
• prepositions on the box, under the box, in the
  box

Scale 6 numbers a quarter of describers big,
beautiful classifiers state, federal government
short prepositional phrases as qualifiers The
man in the shop was
40
Field Language
Scales noun groups

• Scale 10
• describers the biggest, most colourful centre
• classifiers the biggest, most colourful shopping
  centre
• more complex qualifiers It is the biggest, most
  colourful shopping centre
• located
  in the city

Scale 12 describers the most important and
exciting discoveries classifiers the most
important and exciting medical discoveries qualifi
ers One of the most important and exciting
medical discoveries in recent
times is
41
Field Language
Nominalisations
Moderate exercise is good for you. We worried
about her physical safety. With great happiness,
she said I do. Everyone could see how
beautiful she was. Her beauty was clear to
everyone.

• to walk - exercise
• be safe - safety
• happily - happiness
• beautiful - beauty

42
Field Language
Scales nominalisations

• Scale 6
• Understands a range of nominalisations and uses a
  limited range
• understands movement, your turn, a good chance
• uses Whats your height?, a lot of happiness,
  education

Scale 8 Understands a range of nominalisations
and uses small range understands possibility,
allowance uses with varying degrees of accuracy
permission, ability
43
Field Language
Scales nominalisations

Scale 10 Uses a small range of technical
nominalisations (ie words that have been formed
by changing verbs, adjectives or conjunctions
into nouns) with varying degrees of grammatical
accuracy evaporation, expansion

• Scale 12
• Uses a range of increasingly abstract and
  technical nominalisations with increasing
  confidence growth, risk, capability

44
Field Language
Circumstances
manner with the touch of a feather,
carefully time at the age if nine, after the
weekend place behind the door, in the centre of
the city reason because of the rain, as a result
of the war accompaniment by ourselves, alone
prepositional phrase with the touch of a
feather, causal phrase because of the
rain adverb alone, carefully comparison like a
rag doll
45
Field Language
Scales circumstances

• Scale 4
• uses very basic phrases of location under the
  table, out of the box, at 9 oclock

Scale 6 phrases giving circumstances of the
events slowly, up to the fence
Scale 8 phrases expressing manner of an action
carefully, with a bang
Scale 10 phrases expressing manner of an action
like a rag doll
46
Field Language
Topic specific / technical vocabulary

• participants
• noun groups eg the magistrate, the suffragette
  movement,
• we taught our
  students
• attributes eg she was famous
• verbs eg injected, rallied
• circumstances eg due to the drought, with the
  aid of a microscope

47
Field Language
Scales topic specific / technical vocabulary
Scale 6 uses a range of technical vocabulary
measure, chance
Scale 8 uses a range of common nominalisations
consume, diet

• Scale 10
• uses a small range of technical nominalisations
  evaporation, expansion

• Scale 12
• constructs technical fields using
• verbs expressing action processes digest
• noun groups riboflavin
• phrases expressing the cause of an action
  because of the high sugar levels

48
Field Language

• A seed is the small body produced by plants from
  which a new plant seed grows. It consists of an
  embryo, endosperm and testa.
• The embryo is the part of the seed that grows
  into a new plant. It has three main parts the
  seed leaves or cotyledons, which are the
  beginning of leaves the plumule, which becomes
  the main stem and the radicle, which becomes the
  root. Plants whose seeds have only one cotyledon
  are called monocots, and the plants whose seeds
  have two cotyledons are called dicots.
• The endosperm contains a supply of stored food
  for the embryo. In dicot seeds, the cotyledons
  also do this.
• The testa, or seed coat, is the outer layer of
  the seed. It is usually thick and hard so that it
  protects the embryo and prevents the seed from
  dying out. On the testa there is scar, called the
  hilum, where the seed was attached to the ovary.

49

Language
Text in Context

• language choices -
• structure texts
• cohesive

• the range of genres
• specific purposes
• structure and cohesion

Sociocultural Context Genre

• word groups and phrases
• the verbs
• participants
• circumstances

• the what, or content
• its informational elements
• range from everyday to technical vocabulary

Situational Context Field

• interpersonal element
• familiar to formal

• the language choices
• who questions or commands
• how degrees of certainty expressed.

Tenor

• the who
• interpersonal elements
• deal with formality, familiarity and attitude

• the language choices -organise texts
• focus foregrounding

• the how
• its textual elements
• deal with the range of spoken, written and
  multimodal texts

Mode
50
Tenor Text in Context
Scales familiarity - formality
Scale 4 participates appropriately in a limited
range of familiar, highly supportive contexts
Scale 6 participates appropriately in a narrow
range of familiar, supportive contexts
Scale 8 begins to participate appropriately in a
narrow range of more formal contexts
Scale 10 confidently constructs texts in a range
of contexts, particularly familiar, is developing
control in a range of more formal contexts
51


Tenor Text in Context
Tenor continuum

• equal status .... great difference
  in status
• not distant ........very
  distant
• great deal of emotional expression..little
  emotional expression

recounting a terrible evening to a friend ...
a report for official records
52
Tenor Text in Context

• A seed is the small body produced by plants from
  which a new plant seed grows. It consists of an
  embryo, endosperm and testa.
• The embryo is the part of the seed that grows
  into a new plant. It has three main parts the
  seed leaves or cotyledons, which are the
  beginning of leaves the plumule, which becomes
  the main stem and the radicle, which becomes the
  root. Plants whose seeds have only one cotyledon
  are called monocots, and the plants whose seeds
  have two cotyledons are called dicots.
• The endosperm contains a supply of stored food
  for the embryo. In dicot seeds, the cotyledons
  also do this.
• The testa, or seed coat, is the outer layer of
  the seed. It is usually thick and hard so that it
  protects the embryo and prevents the seed from
  dying out. On the testa there is scar, called the
  hilum, where the seed was attached to the ovary.

Text in Context- distance the author is not
familiar with nor has contact with, the
audience emotion not emotional status
differential in status between audience and
writer, writer is positioning him/herself as an
expert

53

Language
Text in Context

• language choices -
• structure texts
• cohesive

• the range of genres
• specific purposes
• structure and cohesion

Sociocultural Context Genre

• word groups and phrases
• the verbs
• participants
• circumstances

• the what, or content
• its informational elements
• range from everyday to technical vocabulary

Situational Context Field

• modality
• appraisal
• speech functions
• idioms
• non-verbal elements

• interpersonal element
• formality, familiarity and attitude

Tenor

• non-verbal elements
• speech functions
• modality
• attitudinal lexis
• idioms

• the language choices -organise texts
• focus foregrounding

• the how
• its textual elements
• deal with the range of spoken, written and
  multimodal texts

Mode
54
Tenor Language
Modality information
low possibility .high
certainty maybe, might .probably Loggers
think.The belief is .. We will low
usualityhigh usuality tend
to..for the most part. quite common always
auxillaries might adverbs probably,
always verbs tend to, think noun groups
belief adjectives common
55
Tenor Language
Modality goods and services
low obligation...high
obligation please, couldmight consider..
must, compelled, compulsion low
inclinationhigh
inclination mightpossibly
willing, intention
auxillaries could, must
adverbs please verbs tend to adjectives
willing noun groups intention
56
Tenor Language
Scales modality
Scale 6 chooses with some accuracy the most
elementary might, must maybe I think, I know
Scale 8 Uses simple forms of language expressing
modality with varying degrees of accuracy
should, could just, only
Scale 12 combines language elements Perhaps we
might be able to..
57
Tenor Language
Appraisal attitude, engagement
adjectives fat, fantastic adverbs fortunately,
luckily noun groups courage verbs tend
to metaphor like a snail words from other
languages chic
58
Tenor Language
Scales appraisal
Scale 4 Uses a narrow range of evaluative
language to express feelings and attitude Shes
nice
Scale 6 uses a range of evaluative language to
express feelings and attitude Its beautiful
Scale 8 uses a range of evaluative language to
express feelings and attitude It was the best
59
Tenor Language

• Vocatives
• familiar...unfamiliar
• my love.. dear Jane .mate..sir
• Scale 10
• Chooses more delicately from a range of
  vocabulary appropriate for the tenor of the
  context
• -choose male, gentleman, man, guy, dude

60
Tenor Language
Speech functions
Congruent forms statements Thats a nice
jumper. questions Whose pencil is this?
offers Would you like a drink? command Sit
down.
61
Speech functions
Speech functions

• Indirect forms
• statements Thats a nice jumper, isnt it?
• questions This is a new pencil!
• offers Theres juice in the fridge.
• command Would you like a seat?

62
Tenor Language
Scales speech functions
Scale 4 responds appropriately to commands with
relatively uncommon vocabulary if meaning is
clear through gestures
Scale 6 Recognises a variety of statements,
questions, offers and command in texts
Scale 8 Begins to understand choices for commands
when negotiation with teachers or other known
adults
63
Tenor Language
Idioms, cultural knowledge
idiom raining cats and dogs euphemism passed
away colloquialism shout a drink cultural
knowledge Like Galileo
64
Tenor Language
Idioms, cultural knowledge
Scale 6 compares the appropriateness of isolated
examples of colloquial and non colloquial language
Scale 8 chooses a limited range of colloquial and
idiomatic language sucked in
Scale 10 chooses a small range of colloquialisms
and idioms Give me a hand
65
Tenor Language
Non-verbal elements
intonation volume emphasis tone pacing
66
Tenor Language
Non-verbal elements
Scale 8 begins to understand how meanings are
varied by changing intonation, tone, volume and
emphasis when speaking and reading aloud
Scale 10 identifies and uses variation in
intonation, tone, volume, pacing and emphasis to
some degree of accuracy
Scale 12 identifies and uses variation in
intonation, tone, pacing, volume and emphasis
accurately and appropriately
67
Tenor Language

• A seed is the small body produced by plants from
  which a new plant seed grows. It consists of an
  embryo, endosperm and testa.
• The embryo is the part of the seed that grows
  into a new plant. It has three main parts the
  seed leaves or cotyledons, which are the
  beginning of leaves the plumule, which becomes
  the main stem and the radicle, which becomes the
  root. Plants whose seeds have only one cotyledon
  are called monocots, and the plants whose seeds
  have two cotyledons are called dicots.
• The endosperm contains a supply of stored food
  for the embryo. In dicot seeds, the cotyledons
  also do this.
• The testa, or seed coat, is the outer layer of
  the seed. It is usually thick and hard so that it
  protects the embryo and prevents the seed from
  dying out. On the testa there is scar, called the
  hilum, where the seed was attached to the ovary.

68

Language
Text in Context

• language choices -
• structure texts
• cohesive

• the range of genres
• specific purposes
• structure and cohesion

Sociocultural Context Genre

• word groups and phrases
• the verbs
• participants
• circumstances

• the what, or content
• its informational elements
• range from everyday to technical vocabulary

Situational Context Field

• the language choices
• who questions or commands
• how degrees of certainty expressed.

• the who
• interpersonal elements
• deal with formality, familiarity and attitude

Tenor

• textual element
• spoken to written
• multimodal

• the language choices -organise texts
• focus foregrounding

Mode

• the how
• its textual elements
• range of spoken, written and multimodal texts

69


Mode Text in Context
Mode continuum

• spoken written
• shop dialogue..written discussion on
  shopping hours
• transcript of dialogue.....formal
  oral presentation

70
Mode Text in Context
Scales spoken and written interaction

• Scale 4 limited range of spoken texts and begins
  to shape a strictly limited range of written
  texts
• Participates confidently and appropriately in
  face-to-face interactions,
• Organises the meanings in brief written texts in
  a logical order, with support and for a very
  limited range of genres

Scale 6 constructs a narrow range of brief
written and visual texts that unfold
coherently Communicates simply, appropriately and
accurately, some of the time, using various
media speaks casually over the telephone, emails
a student in a different setting
71
Mode Text in Context
Scales spoken and written interaction

• Scale 8 constructs a range of short spoken and
  written genres that unfold coherently most of the
  time
• Communicates simply, appropriately and
  accurately, in general, when the situation
  involves another medium gives instructions over
  the telephone

Scale 10 constructs a wide range of short
coherent texts Constructs longer and more complex
texts using other media but still requires some
scaffolding uses sketches and graphs, jointly
constructs a radio broadcast
72
Mode Text in Context
Media

• spoken texts monologue, dialogue, telephone,
  OHP, Powerpoint
• written text symbols, handwritten, emails, word
  processed, with visuals
• web based texts with visuals, video and written
  texts

73
Mode Text in Context
Media

• Scale 8
• Communicates simply, appropriately and
  accurately, in general, when the situation
  involves another medium gives instructions over
  the phone

Scale 10 Constructs longer and more complex texts
using other media but still requires scaffolding
uses sketches and graphs, jointly constructs a
radio broadcast
Scale 12 Constructs longer and more complex texts
using other media emails a letter to the editor
74
Mode Text in Context

• A seed is the small body produced by plants from
  which a new plant seed grows. It consists of an
  embryo, endosperm and testa.
• The embryo is the part of the seed that grows
  into a new plant. It has three main parts the
  seed leaves or cotyledons, which are the
  beginning of leaves the plumule, which becomes
  the main stem and the radicle, which becomes the
  root. Plants whose seeds have only one cotyledon
  are called monocots, and the plants whose seeds
  have two cotyledons are called dicots.
• The endosperm contains a supply of stored food
  for the embryo. In docot seeds, the cotyledons
  also do this.
• The testa, or seed coat, is the outer layer of
  the seed. It is usually thick and hard so that it
  protects the embryo and prevents the seed from
  dying out. On the testa there is scar, called the
  hilum, where the seed was attached to the ovary.

Text in Context- very written like text
75

Language
Text in Context

• language choices -
• structure texts
• cohesive

• the range of genres
• specific purposes
• structure and cohesion

Sociocultural Context Genre

• word groups and phrases
• the verbs
• participants
• circumstances

• the what, or content
• its informational elements
• range from everyday to technical vocabulary

Situational Context Field

• the language choices
• who questions or commands
• how degrees of certainty expressed.

• the who
• interpersonal elements
• deal with formality, familiarity and attitude

Tenor

• foregrounding
• voice and tense
• print conventions

• textual element
• deals with the range of spoken, written and
  multimodal texts

Mode

• foregrounding
• voice and tense
• print conventions

76
Mode Language
Foregrounding

• At the start of a
• sentence
• The man took the money. The money was
  taken.
• The robbery was committed by ...

• paragraph
• One argument is ..
• Safety is another concern..

77
Mode Language
Scales foregrounding
Scale 4 chooses repetitive beginnings of
sentences in own writing
Scale 6 short, basic phrases of time and place
at the beginning of recounts or narratives
Later that night,

• Scale 8
• Foregrounds simple, repetitive patterns most of
  the time with limited use of alternative
  elements
• in procedures, primarily chooses to foreground
  actions Draw the eyes with
• begins to foreground the means used in an action
  With a fine brush, draw
• begins to foreground non-human elements in
  factual genres The leaf was put in the sun
  rather than We put the leaf in the sun

78
Mode Language
Scales foregrounding

• Scale 10
• foregrounds simple phrases of manner, place or
  time in genres such as procedures After about
  10 minutes, take the biscuits
• foregrounds simple dependent clauses in
  narratives When the children saw the ghost,
  they
• begins to foreground causal elements in
  explanations and discussions Because of more
  rainfall, floods
• non-human elements in factual genres The
  pumpkin seeds were planted...

79
Mode Language
Scales foregrounding

• Scale 12
• Chooses appropriately elements that can be
  foregrounded in longer, coherent texts in a range
  of genres
• foregrounds a small range of complex elements
• consecutive phrases of place or time In
  Canberra in 1975, events
• dependent clauses or phrases of cause Because
  of the increased amount of carbon dioxide,
  scientists
• foregrounds with some confidence generalised or
  abstract noun groups in factual genres
• The destruction of the pandas habitat is due to
  rather than People are destroying the places
  where the bear lives and
• constructs more complex introduction and topic
  sentences appropriately to clearly predict the
  content of the whole text and the paragraph
  respectively
• uses basic rhetorical questions in debates to
  organise stage(s) of the text
• constructs longer concluding paragraphs in
  arguments or discussions by choosing well from
  the new information in the text

80
Mode Language
Coherence

• from the introduction to the paragraphs to the
  conclusion

There are a number of reasons why One argument
is . Another concern is .. As can be seen.

• linking features in multi-modal presentations

captions, arrows, headings, verbal links
81
Mode Language
Scales coherence
Scale 8 organises texts in simple, logically
ordered paragraphs on the basis of a change if
topic and write topic sentences for each
paragraph
Scale 10 choose a more complex introduction and
topic sentence
Scale 12 constructs more complex introduction and
topic sentences to predict content of whole text
82
Mode Language
Voice and Tense
Tenses primary simple past, present,
future secondary present perfect, present
continuous Active voice The cow ate grass.
Cows are vegetarians.
Passive voice The grass was eaten.
83
Mode Language
Scales tense and voice
Scale 4 Demonstrates some control of primary
tenses (present, past, future) and their
formation for the most common regular verb but
strictly limited control of secondary tenses
Scale 6 Demonstrates control of primary tenses
(present past future) and the past tense of most
common irregular verbs did went saw. Beginning
to gain control of secondary tenses.
Scale 12 Understands that foregrounding the
rain requires the active voice whereas
foregrounding the flooding requires passive
voice.
84
Mode Language
Print conventions

• directionality
• spelling
• handwriting
• punctuation
• font

85
Mode Language
Scales spelling
Scale 2 begins to identify most beginning and end
sounds in familiar words
Scale 4 Spells accurately most common
monosyllabic words learned in the classroom and
spells others based on pronunciation or other
patterns
Scale 6 Spells with greater accuracy most words
learner in the classroom and spells others based
less on own pronunciation and more on visual
patterns
86
Mode Language

• A seed is the small body produced by plants from
  which a new plant seed grows. It consists of an
  embryo, endosperm and testa.
• The embryo is the part of the seed that grows
  into a new plant. It has three main parts the
  seed leaves or cotyledons, which are the
  beginning of leaves the plumule, which becomes
  the main stem and the radicle, which becomes the
  root. Plants whose seeds have only one cotyledon
  are called monocots, and the plants whose seeds
  have two cotyledons are called dicots.
• The endosperm contains a supply of stored food
  for the embryo. In dicot seeds, the cotyledons
  also do this.
• The testa, or seed coat, is the outer layer of
  the seed. It is usually thick and hard so that it
  protects the embryo and prevents the seed from
  dying out. On the testa there is scar, called the
  hilum, where the seed was attached to the ovary.

87
Language

• Language choices -
• Structure texts
• Build cohesion
• Expand sentences

Genre
Tenor

• Modality
• Appraisal
• Speech functions
• Idioms
• Non-verbal elements

Field
Mode

• Verbs
• Noun groups
• Nominalisations
• Circumstances
• Topic specific vocabulary

• Foregrounding
• Active/passive voice
• Tenses
• Print conventions

88
Verbal groups
The people could have been saved. The
people could have been saved. Field
(content) The people could have been saved.
Tenor (modality) The people could have been
saved. Mode (tense) The Navy could have
saved the people. Mode (voice)
89
Noun groups
Those poor refugees were saved. Those poor
refugees were saved. Field
(content) Those poor refugees were saved. Tenor
(attitudinal lexis) Those poor refugees were
saved. Mode (foregrounding)
90
Nominalisation
The safety of the refugees was guaranteed. Field
abstract and potential for making it denser
Tenor more formal through objectivity but
agent is explicit Mode an abstraction (safety)
is foregrounded now and voice (passive) is
determined by this and the tenor choice
91
Foregrounding

• The first main argument is ...
• Safety is another major concern.

92